诸神相争时代的国家认同——论韦伯“正当性”问题的意图与语境

发布时间：2018-11-11 16:45

【摘要】：人为什么会服从统治?这是法哲学与政治理论中皆须面对的基本难题,而韦伯的"正当性"理论即是对此问题独特阐释。得益于帕森斯的译介和诠释,韦伯对于正当性问题的探讨在英语学术界产生了广泛的影响,并启发学者们以实证科学的态度来考察国家获取民众支持的能力。学者们一方面将韦伯与尼采、马克思、黑格尔、托克维尔、卢梭、霍布斯甚至马基雅维利进行对比研究,力图发现韦伯在国家理论变迁过程中所处的位置。另一方面则从韦伯时代的德国政治问题入手,以期理解韦伯政治思想的现实旨趣。对以上两种研究路径而言,韦伯的"正当性"问题都是无法绕开的讨论主题。"正当性"问题在今天依然能激起热烈的争论,这也说明了,"正当性"问题不仅具有理论意义也具有现实意义。受以上两种研究路径的启示,本文力图探寻韦伯提出正当性问题的意图和语境。为此,本文将着重分析韦伯思想所具有的三重视角:第一个层面,将韦伯的"正当性"问题放在当时德国的政治背景之下,考察韦伯提出"正当性"问题的现实意图。第二个层面,将"正当性"问题放在韦伯对欧洲民族国家发展史的研究背景之下,考察正当性问题与法律理性化、官僚科层制扩张等议题之间的关联。第三个层面,将"正当性"问题放入现代社会"诸神相争"的情境下进行考察,讨论在"上帝之死"的历史背景下,韦伯的工作在何种程度上涉及重新为世俗秩序奠立正当性基础这一问题。三重视角层层递进,体现了韦伯个人苦恼与德国政治困局的密切相关性——德国问题的复杂性恰恰在于其同时面对这三个层次的危机。本文认为,"正当性"问题尽管以韦伯对于正当性支配的三种分类为核心内容,但也并不局限于此,它涉及制度建构、意识形态建构和个体伦理塑造等多个层面,并将法律与政治密切的串连在一起。而本文最终试图论证,韦伯的"正当性"问题,不仅体现了其对政治和法律问题的深度关怀,也有助我们更深入地理解政治和法律之间存在的复杂关联。
[Abstract]:Why do people obey the rule? This is a basic problem in both legal philosophy and political theory, and Weber's "legitimacy" theory is a unique explanation of this problem. Thanks to Parsons' translation and interpretation, Weber's approach to legitimacy has had a wide range of implications in the English academic community, and inspired scholars to examine the country's ability to gain public support in an empirical scientific manner. On the one hand, scholars compare Weber with Nietzsche, Marx, Hegel, Tocqueville, Rousseau, Hobbes and even Machiavelli in order to find out the position of Weber in the process of state theory change. On the other hand, it starts with the German political problems in Weber's time in order to understand the realistic purport of Weber's political thought. Weber's legitimacy is an inescapable topic for both approaches. The question of legitimacy can still arouse heated debate today, which also shows that the issue of legitimacy has not only theoretical significance but also practical significance. Inspired by the above two research paths, this paper tries to explore Weber's intention and context to raise the question of legitimacy. Therefore, this paper will focus on the analysis of the three perspectives of Weber's thought: the first level, Weber's "legitimacy" in the political context of Germany at that time, to examine Weber put forward the "legitimacy" of the realistic intention. In the second level, the question of "legitimacy" is put under the background of Weber's research on the history of European nation-state development, and the connection between the issue of legitimacy and legal rationalization and the expansion of bureaucratic hierarchy is investigated. At the third level, the question of "legitimacy" is put into the context of "the struggle of the gods" in modern society, and the historical background of "the death of God" is discussed. To what extent Weber's work involves reestablishing the legitimacy of the secular order. The three angles of view show that Weber's personal distress is closely related to Germany's political difficulties-the complexity of the German problem lies in the crisis of these three levels at the same time. This paper holds that the problem of "legitimacy" is not limited to Weber's three classifications of legitimacy. It involves the construction of institution, the construction of ideology and the shaping of individual ethics, and so on. And the law and politics are closely linked together. Finally, this paper tries to prove that Weber's "legitimacy" not only reflects his deep concern for political and legal issues, but also helps us to understand the complex relationship between politics and law.
【作者单位】：《文化纵横》杂志社;
【分类号】：D90

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