私人保安公司国际法律规制研究

发布时间：2018-03-09 23:35

本文选题：私人保安公司　切入点：身份界定　出处：《上海师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：私人保安公司兴起于20世纪90年代,它由早期的雇佣军发展而来。长期以来,钱财、侵略、杀戮就是雇佣军这个行业最形象的代名词。鉴于两者在本质上类似,国际社会对雇佣军的一贯印象也对私人保安公司的发展产生了消极影响。尤其是随着2004年4月伊拉克阿布格莱布监狱(Abu Ghraib Prison)虐囚丑闻和2007年9月16日发生的黑水公司巴格达枪击平民案(Blackwater Baghdad shootings)的曝光,舆论再一次将私人保安公司推到风口浪尖。国际社会纷纷呼吁规范私人保安公司及其雇员践踏人权、违反人道法的行为,使其违法行为得到追诉。但是现实中,私人保安公司一直游走于国际法“灰色地带”,各国国内法也缺乏有效规制其行为的法律规范。首先,私人保安公司雇员的国际法地位不明确。这不仅会使私人保安公司的雇员得不到合理的保护,而且会为对战场上的其他主体的保护带来困难。其次,私人保安公司雇员违法行为的承担存在争议。这使得私人保安公司雇员的违法行为不能得到惩处,而受害人救济和赔偿也无法实现。第三,私人保安公司的武器及武力使用的权利界定模糊。如果武器流到不法分子手中,就可能产生无法预料的危害性后果。因此,如何在不阻碍私人保安公司发展的前提下合理有效地规制其行为已经成为国际社会共同面临的难题。文章除结语外,正文分为五个部分:第一部分介绍了本文的选题背景及意义、国内外的研究现状与研究目标和方法。第二部分阐述了私人保安公司的概念与业务范围、兴起与发展及其原因。第三部分梳理了国际和国内层面有关私人保安公司的法律规制现状及困境。第1、2小节立足于规制私人保安公司的国际文件,并着重分析美国、伊拉克、南非三国的国内实践。第3、4小节分析目前私人保安公司及其雇员法律规制存在的争议,以及造成这种争议的原因。第四部分探讨了私人保安公司国际法律规制的完善路径。第1、2、3小节针对第三部分第3小节私人保安公司雇员法律规制存在的争议,具体界定私人保安公司雇员的身份、明确私人保安公司武器及武力使用的权利、确定私人保安公司雇员违法的责任承担。第4小节针对第三部分第4小节造成争议的原因,完善私人保安公司的国际法律规制体系,自律方面需要公司和行业的不断努力;国内层面应建立许可、审查和追诉制度;国际层面应修改现行公约以及制定新的更有拘束力的公约。第五部分结合中国私人保安公司开展海外业务的立法现状与问题,从私人保安公司服务获得、武力使用、违法行为追究方面规范开展海外业务的中国私人保安公司及其雇员。结语部分是对文章主要观点的归纳与总结。
[Abstract]:Private security companies, which began in 1990s, grew out of early mercenaries. For a long time, money, aggression, and killing were synonymous with the most visible form of mercenary business, given the similarity in nature between the two. The international community's consistent impression of mercenaries has also had a negative impact on the development of private security companies, especially following the April 2004 Abu Ghraib prison abuse scandal in Abu Ghraib, Iraq, and the black water that occurred on September 16th 2007. Blackwater Baghdad shootings, a company that shot civilians in Baghdad, Once again, public opinion has pushed private security companies to the forefront. The international community has called for the regulation of human rights abuses and violations of humanitarian law by private security companies and their employees. However, in reality, Private security companies have been walking in the "grey areas" of international law, and there is also a lack of legal norms in the domestic laws of various countries to effectively regulate their conduct. The status of employees of private security companies in international law is unclear. This will not only deprive employees of private security companies from reasonable protection, but will also create difficulties for the protection of other subjects on the battlefield. Secondly, The liability of private security company employees for violations of the law is controversial. This makes violations by private security company employees unpunished, and victim relief and compensation cannot be achieved. Third, The right of private security companies to use weapons and use of force is ambiguous. If weapons flow into the hands of lawbreakers, they may have unpredictable harmful consequences. How to regulate the behavior of private security companies reasonably and effectively without hindering the development of private security companies has become a common problem for the international community. The text is divided into five parts: the first part introduces the background and significance of this paper, the research status at home and abroad, research objectives and methods. The second part describes the concept and business scope of private security companies. The third part combs the current situation and predicament of the international and domestic legal regulation of private security companies. The first section is based on the international documents of regulating private security companies, and focuses on the analysis of the United States, Iraq, Iraq, the United States, Iraq, the United States, Iraq, the United States of America, Iraq, the United States of America and Iraq. The domestic practice of the three countries in South Africa. Section 3 (4) analyses the current disputes over the legal regulation of private security companies and their employees. Part 4th discusses the way to perfect the international legal regulation of private security companies. The third section discusses the disputes about the legal regulation of private security company employees in the third section. Specifically defining the identity of employees of private security companies, clarifying the rights of private security companies to use weapons and force, and determining the liability of employees of private security companies for violations of the law. To perfect the international legal regulation system of private security companies, self-discipline needs the continuous efforts of companies and industries, and the system of licensing, examination and prosecution should be established at the domestic level. At the international level, we should amend the existing conventions and formulate new and more binding conventions. 5th in the light of the current legislative situation and problems of Chinese private security companies conducting overseas business, they should obtain the services of private security companies and use force. The conclusion part is the summary and summary of the main viewpoints of the article.
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D035.3;D99

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