犯罪情境预防的理论与实践
发布时间：2018-08-06 19:39
【摘要】： 情境犯罪预防(situational crime prevention)理论认为情境因素促成了具体形式的犯罪,主张通过对具体环境加以控制以减少犯罪机会的产生,进而达到预防犯罪的目的。情境预防理论追求的是预防犯罪于未然而不是事后对犯罪人的追究；不是通过社会和制度的改变消灭犯罪人的犯罪倾向,而是尽量使犯罪行为对犯罪人不再具有诱惑力。其关注点不再是刑事司法系统,而是一系列能产生大量犯罪机会的公共和私人组织、机构和场所,如学校、医院、商场、停车场等。情境预防的具体措施先于情境预防理论而存在,例如在地铁和商场等公共场所安装的电子监控装置、电话的来电显示、枪支管制、毒品和酒精的控制等措施,都是情境预防的具体手段,并在理论形成之前已经在实践中取得了很好的预防犯罪的效果。这些措施的实施很多都是私人行为,是私人在深受犯罪困扰之后所做出的反应或者是为了避免犯罪侵扰而对成功方式的一种效仿。 情境预防理论是建立在对传统犯罪学理论反思的基础之上的,它放弃了对于犯罪根源的纠结,而以一种功利务实的姿态面对具体形式的犯罪,其预防犯罪的思路和具体措施都与传统预防措施大相径庭。自20世纪60年代产生以来,其在理论上不断成长,在实践中不断取得成功,已经成为传统的司法预防和社会预防之外的犯罪预防新力量。 本文尝试对犯罪情境预防理论进行整体把握,分析情境预防理论所面临的质疑,客观的展示情境犯罪预防理论的实践价值,并且得出其对于当代中国犯罪预防的积极意义。 本文包括由以下四部分组成： 第一章阐述了情境预防理论的源起。在这一部分中,论文首先对传统的两种犯罪预防模式进行归纳,分析其犯罪控制策略的出发点,并且在此基础上指出造成长期以来情境预防措施被忽视的两种错误认识,接着阐述了情境预防理论以英国“内政部犯罪学”形式的诞生过程,并且对情境预防理论的理论依据进行了分析。 第二章对情境预防理论的框架进行了阐述。首先阐述了罗纳德·克拉克对于情境预防的界定,而后对于情境预防的基础理论——理性选择理论和日常行为理论加以分析,展示了情境预防理论对犯罪产生的解释框架和一系列情境预防的具体策略。 第三章对情境预防理论政策和实践的价值,及其在发展过程中所遭遇的挑战展开探讨。力图客观的对情境预防理论进行价值分析和评价。 在前三章的基础之上,第四章提出了情境预防理论对于当前我国犯罪预防的积极意义,并且将我国当前大力提倡的社会治安综合治理与情境预防相衔接,继而对我国社会治安综合治理的情境预防效应进行评估,最后,根据情境预防理论对目前我国社会综合治理中存在的缺陷提出一些相应的建议。
[Abstract]:The theory of situational crime prevention (situational crime prevention) holds that situational factors contribute to specific forms of crime and advocate that crime prevention can be achieved by controlling the specific environment in order to reduce the occurrence of crime opportunities. The theory of situational prevention seeks to prevent crime in the first place, not to investigate the criminal afterwards; it is not to eliminate the criminal tendency through the change of society and system, but to make the criminal behavior no longer have the temptation to the criminal as far as possible. The focus is no longer on the criminal justice system, but on a range of public and private organizations, institutions and places that generate significant opportunities for crime, such as schools, hospitals, shopping malls, parking lots, etc. Specific measures of situational prevention predate the theory of situational prevention, such as electronic monitoring devices installed in public places such as subways and shopping malls, telephone caller ID, gun control, drug and alcohol control, and so on. It is the concrete means of situational prevention, and has achieved a good effect in practice before the formation of the theory. Many of these measures are carried out by private individuals, as a response to crime, or as a model of success in order to avoid criminal harassment. The theory of situational prevention is based on the reflection of the traditional criminology theory. It gives up the entanglement of the root causes of crime and faces the specific forms of crime with a utilitarian and pragmatic attitude. The train of thought and concrete measures of crime prevention are quite different from the traditional preventive measures. Since its emergence in the 1960s, it has grown up in theory and made continuous success in practice. It has become a new force of crime prevention beyond the traditional judicial prevention and social prevention. This paper attempts to grasp the theory of crime situational prevention as a whole, analyzes the doubts that the theory of situational prevention faces, objectively demonstrates the practical value of situational crime prevention theory, and draws its positive significance for contemporary Chinese crime prevention. This paper consists of the following four parts: the first chapter expounds the origin of situational prevention theory. In this part, the paper first summarizes the traditional two crime prevention models, analyzes the starting point of its crime control strategy, and on this basis points out two kinds of misunderstandings which have caused the neglect of situational preventive measures for a long time. Then, it expounds the birth process of situational prevention theory in the form of British Home Office criminology, and analyzes the theoretical basis of situational prevention theory. The second chapter expounds the framework of situational prevention theory. First of all, it expounds Ronald Clark's definition of situational prevention, and then analyzes the basic theory of situational prevention, rational choice theory and daily behavior theory. It also shows the explanation frame of situational prevention theory and a series of concrete strategies of situational prevention. The third chapter discusses the value of situational prevention theory, policy and practice, as well as the challenges encountered in the process of development. This paper tries to analyze and evaluate the value of situational prevention theory objectively. On the basis of the first three chapters, the fourth chapter puts forward the positive significance of situational prevention theory for crime prevention in our country, and links the comprehensive management of social security advocated by our country with situational prevention. Then it evaluates the situational preventive effect of comprehensive management of social security in our country. Finally, according to the theory of situational prevention, it puts forward some corresponding suggestions on the defects existing in the comprehensive management of social security in our country at present.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D917
本文编号：2168781
[Abstract]:The theory of situational crime prevention (situational crime prevention) holds that situational factors contribute to specific forms of crime and advocate that crime prevention can be achieved by controlling the specific environment in order to reduce the occurrence of crime opportunities. The theory of situational prevention seeks to prevent crime in the first place, not to investigate the criminal afterwards; it is not to eliminate the criminal tendency through the change of society and system, but to make the criminal behavior no longer have the temptation to the criminal as far as possible. The focus is no longer on the criminal justice system, but on a range of public and private organizations, institutions and places that generate significant opportunities for crime, such as schools, hospitals, shopping malls, parking lots, etc. Specific measures of situational prevention predate the theory of situational prevention, such as electronic monitoring devices installed in public places such as subways and shopping malls, telephone caller ID, gun control, drug and alcohol control, and so on. It is the concrete means of situational prevention, and has achieved a good effect in practice before the formation of the theory. Many of these measures are carried out by private individuals, as a response to crime, or as a model of success in order to avoid criminal harassment. The theory of situational prevention is based on the reflection of the traditional criminology theory. It gives up the entanglement of the root causes of crime and faces the specific forms of crime with a utilitarian and pragmatic attitude. The train of thought and concrete measures of crime prevention are quite different from the traditional preventive measures. Since its emergence in the 1960s, it has grown up in theory and made continuous success in practice. It has become a new force of crime prevention beyond the traditional judicial prevention and social prevention. This paper attempts to grasp the theory of crime situational prevention as a whole, analyzes the doubts that the theory of situational prevention faces, objectively demonstrates the practical value of situational crime prevention theory, and draws its positive significance for contemporary Chinese crime prevention. This paper consists of the following four parts: the first chapter expounds the origin of situational prevention theory. In this part, the paper first summarizes the traditional two crime prevention models, analyzes the starting point of its crime control strategy, and on this basis points out two kinds of misunderstandings which have caused the neglect of situational preventive measures for a long time. Then, it expounds the birth process of situational prevention theory in the form of British Home Office criminology, and analyzes the theoretical basis of situational prevention theory. The second chapter expounds the framework of situational prevention theory. First of all, it expounds Ronald Clark's definition of situational prevention, and then analyzes the basic theory of situational prevention, rational choice theory and daily behavior theory. It also shows the explanation frame of situational prevention theory and a series of concrete strategies of situational prevention. The third chapter discusses the value of situational prevention theory, policy and practice, as well as the challenges encountered in the process of development. This paper tries to analyze and evaluate the value of situational prevention theory objectively. On the basis of the first three chapters, the fourth chapter puts forward the positive significance of situational prevention theory for crime prevention in our country, and links the comprehensive management of social security advocated by our country with situational prevention. Then it evaluates the situational preventive effect of comprehensive management of social security in our country. Finally, according to the theory of situational prevention, it puts forward some corresponding suggestions on the defects existing in the comprehensive management of social security in our country at present.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D917
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