乡村人民法庭研究

发布时间：2018-01-22 07:23

本文关键词： 乡村人民法庭国家建设两便原则司法地方化司法行政化　出处：《武汉大学》2011年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文以民族国家建设理论为视角,通过对我国国家建设历史的描述来解释司法制度,尤其是乡村人民法庭制度的运作方式以及存在问题的原因。除引言外,全文分五章(主体部分)及结论共六个部分,其基本内容概述如下：第一章主要介绍民族国家建设理论以及学者们运用该理论对我国国家政权建设实践所作的解释,以及对该理论发展所作的努力。从民族国家建设理论及我国国家建设历程中可以看出,乡村人民法庭与国家政权的建设密切相关。在目前,国家政权建设面临着主题的更新,即应以法治来建构国家政权合法性。相应地乡村人民法庭的任务或者职能定位应是：切实为农民的权利提供充分的司法救济,以此强化农民对国家权威的认同和忠诚,从而巩固国家政权的合法性基础。在第二章,论文从乡村人民法庭“两便原则”中的两个方面：方便群众诉讼和方便法院审判,来考察司法制度发展的不同阶段,并认为：仅在特定的历史时期,两便原则的两个方面得以统一,在其他时期,尤其是自改革开放以来,两便原则的两个方面并不能完全统一。更多的情况是方便了群众诉讼,但不能方便法院审判；或者方便了法院审判,却给群众诉讼增加了讼累。八十年代末以来的以司法现代化为朝向的司法改革在某种程度上方便了法院审判,但造成了群众诉讼的不便。而“三个至上”原则的提出,以及乡村人民法庭巡回审判和司法调解等制度、措施再度受到重视,意味着司法制度又朝向方便群众诉讼方向回归。第三章从乡村人民法庭履行其公民权利保护职能的主要途径角度来讨论司法调解在乡村人民法庭实践中的意义。本章从法律本身的不足以及司法制度的缺陷两个方面来解释为什么司法调解在乡村人民法庭的的司法实践中具有强大生命力。由于农民政治参与的渠道较少,他们的利益诉求并不能及时和充分地反映到立法过程中,由此导致出台的法律法规未能得到农民的认同,并在执行和适用过程中遇到来自于乡村社会的阻力。复杂的司法程序在一定程度上加大了农民的诉讼成本,影响其获得权利救济。司法调解可以避免不受农民认同的法律得到适用和严格司法程序给当事人带来的不便,因而事实上改变了纠纷解决的准则,也因此使得司法调解制度承担着吸纳民意和整合利益的政治功能。但司法调解的政治功能也会导致司法结果的非确定性和不可预期性。其根本的解决途径在于我国农民政治参与制度的完善和政治市场的成熟。第四章讨论乡村人民法庭的司法“地方化”问题。基层司法制度“地方化”是司法制度的最主要病症,其原因在于国家政权建设进程中中央与地方分权的非制度化。中央向地方分权,但却没有相应有效的审查和监督机制来控制地方政权为了自身利益而违反中央法律,侵犯农民权利。而司法机关归属于地方管理,限制了司法机关为农民权利提供保护和救济,反而服务于地方利益。司法制度去“地方化”改革必须与现有的中央地方分权制度相匹配,可行的途径在于建立中央与地方两级司法体制,让身处基层的农民可以申请中央司法机关来保护其法律赋予的权利。中央司法机关通过法律手段来对地方司法机关进行监督,进而实现中央对地方的监控。第五章讨论乡村人民法庭的司法“行政化”问题。论文认为,目前司法制度中存在的种种行政化现象在很大程度上是过去的国家政权建设阶段中实行“以行政权主导,以经济建设为中心”模式的副产品。行政权主导国家经济建设导致了国家权力运作的行政化模式,也导致司法权对行政权的依附,因而不利于公民权利的保护和救济。司法制度的行政化问题和地方化问题是相互关联的,因此,司法制度的去行政化改革应是在尊重地方权力的基础上,改变司法机关对行政机关的依附状态,让司法机关回复其权利救济的本来面目。
[Abstract]:In this paper, the construction of a national state from the perspective of the theory to explain the history of the national judicial system through the construction of our country is described, especially the rural people's court system operation and problems. In addition to the introduction, this thesis is divided into five chapters (main part) is divided into six parts and conclusion, the basic contents are summarized as follows:
The first chapter mainly introduces the national construction theory and the scholars use the theory of state power construction of our country and its efforts to explain the theory of development. From the national construction theory and our country construction process can be seen in the construction of rural people's court and the state power in the closely related. At present, the state construction faces the theme of the update, which should be the construction of state regime legitimacy the rule of law. Accordingly, rural people's court task or function positioning should is to provide adequate judicial relief to the rights of farmers, farmers in order to strengthen the authority of the state of identity and loyalty, so as to consolidate the legitimacy of the state the regime.
In the second chapter, the thesis from two aspects of rural people's courts "two principles": to facilitate the masses litigation and convenient court trial, to examine the different stages of development of the judicial system, and that only in the specific historical period, the two aspects of the two principles are unified, in other times, especially since the reform and opening up since the complete reunification of two principles of the two aspects can not. The situation is more convenient for the masses litigation, but not easy to court; or convenient court, but to increase the public litigation litigation tired. Since the end of the 80s to the judicial modernization for the judicial reform towards the convenience of the trial court to a certain extent, but the inconvenience caused by the masses litigation. And the "three first" principle is put forward, and the rural people's Court of assize and judicial mediation system, measures of attention again, means of Justice The system will return to the convenience of the masses.
The third chapter point main way to protect the rights of citizens to fulfill its functions from the rural people's court to discuss the significance of judicial mediation in rural people's court practice. This chapter from the two aspects of defects lack of law itself and the judicial system to explain why judicial mediation has strong vitality in the judicial practice of the rural people's court. Due to the farmers the political participation channels and their interests and can not be timely and adequately reflected in the legislative process, resulting in the introduction of laws and regulations to the identity of the farmers, and in the implementation and application process encountered from rural social resistance. Complicated judicial process to increase the farmer's litigation cost to a certain extent the effect, to obtain the right to relief. The judicial mediation can be avoided by farmers identity laws and strict judicial procedures for bring to the party The inconvenience, so the fact that the changes of the dispute settlement rules, so the judicial mediation system undertakes the function of political integration and to attract the public interests. But the uncertainty of the political function of judicial mediation will lead to the judicial result and unpredictability. The fundamental solution lies in the Chinese peasants' political participation system perfect the market and political maturity.
The fourth chapter discusses the rural people's Court Judicial "localization". Grassroots judicial system of "localization" is the most important condition of the judicial system, the reason is that the non institutionalized state regime construction in central and local government. The central to the local authority, but there is no corresponding effective examination and supervision mechanism to control the place the regime for their own interests and in violation of the central law, violations of the rights of farmers. And the judicial authority vested in local management, restrict the judicial organs to provide protection and remedies for the rights of farmers, but the service to the local interests. The judicial system reform to "localization" must be matched with the existing central local decentralization system, feasible way is to establish a central two level and local judicial system, so that farmers can apply in the grassroots central judicial organs to protect their legal rights. The central judicial organ by law The law means to supervise the local judicial organs, and then to realize the central supervision of the local authorities.
The fifth chapter discusses the "judicial administration" of rural people's court. The various administrative phenomena existing in the judicial system to a great extent, is the last stage in the construction of state power with the implementation of the administrative power leading, taking economic construction as the by-product of center "mode. The administrative power to dominate the national economy construction cause the administrative mode of state power operation, also led to the judicial rights attached to the executive power, it is adverse to the protection of citizen rights and remedies. The administrative problems and localization of the judicial system are interrelated, therefore, the judicial system to administrative reform should be based on respect for local power, change depending on the state judicial organs administrative organs, judicial organs to reply the relief of the right as it is.

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D926.2

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