近代俄国陪审制度的创立及其实践

发布时间：2018-04-08 22:29

本文选题：俄国　切入点：陪审制　出处：《世界历史》2012年04期

【摘要】：陪审制是欧美国家普遍采用的一种司法制度。近代俄国在吸取英、法等国司法实践经验的基础上于1866年正式引入陪审制,陪审团审判因而成为晚期帝俄刑事司法审判的主要形式。俄国陪审团的裁决受到司法宣誓、问题列表制度和社会伦理道德因素的深刻影响,其最终裁定采取简单多数原则。陪审制在俄国的早期实践赢得了人们的普遍认可;但农民占陪审员多数和较高的无罪宣判比率,日渐成为沙皇政府内部保守派攻击陪审制的理由。19世纪七八十年代沙皇政府所采取的一系列反改革措施,大大缩小了陪审法庭的权限;直到20世纪初,陪审制才有了一定的发展。晚期帝俄陪审制的发展虽因沙皇专制制度的制约而未有实质性的发展,但它的引入和实践对于俄国司法的发展、社会结构调整、政治现代化有积极意义。
[Abstract]:Jury system is a kind of judicial system widely used in Europe and America.The jury system was formally introduced into Russia in 1866 on the basis of drawing on the experience of judicial practice in Britain and France, and jury trial became the main form of criminal justice in late imperial Russia.The verdict of the Russian jury was deeply influenced by the judicial oaths, the system of problem lists and the social ethical and moral factors, and its final decision was based on the simple majority principle.The early practice of the jury system in Russia won widespread recognition; but farmers were the majority of jurors and a high percentage of acquittals.A series of counter-reform measures adopted by the tsarist government in the 1870s and 1980s greatly reduced the jurisdiction of the jury court; until the beginning of the 20th century,The jury system has developed to a certain extent.Although the development of the late imperial Russia jury system did not have substantial development because of the restriction of the czarist autocratic system, its introduction and practice had positive significance for the development of Russian judicial system, the adjustment of social structure and the political modernization.
【作者单位】：陕西师范大学历史文化学院;
【基金】：2012年教育部人文社科西部青年项目“俄国1864年司法改革与晚期帝俄社会变迁研究”(项目批准号:12XJC770006)的阶段性研究成果
【分类号】：D951.2;DD916.2

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