俄国1864年司法改革研究

发布时间：2018-05-04 16:22

本文选题：俄国 + 司法改革　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：19世纪60、70年代沙皇亚历山大二世所推行的大改革是俄国历史上最重大的历史事件之一,历来为中外史家关注。1853-1856年克里米亚战争失败以后,沙皇为改变俄国在国际上被动落后的处境,启动了大改革。1861年俄国农奴制的废除标志着大改革的正式开始。农奴制废除之后,沙皇亚历山大二世相继进行了教育改革、地方自治改革、司法改革、财政改革和军事改革,从而开创了俄国历史上的“大改革”时代。改革标志着俄国现代化的实际开端,为俄国向现代社会的转型奠定了坚实基础。 1864年沙皇亚历山大二世颁布实施的司法改革被誉为大改革中最为成功的改革。改革创建了以欧洲司法模式为蓝本的新司法体制。司法独立、审判公开、辩诉原则、陪审团审判、律师制度等全新的制度和理念引入俄国,俄国从此有了一套可以与欧洲发达国家相媲美的司法制度。但国内学术界对司法改革缺乏专题研究,研究的论文也相当少。基于此,本文拟在现有材料的基础上,全面系统地探讨亚历山大二世的司法改革。这是本文选题的出发点。本文的基本观点是：司法改革为俄国法治国家的建设奠定了基础,推动了晚期帝俄经济及社会的转型。具体来讲：1864年司法改革之前,俄国司法中普遍存在的管理效率低下、腐败等成为沙皇政府司法管理体制中的一大弊病。实质上,如何提高俄国的司法管理水平成为历代沙皇追求的一大目标。彼得一世的司法改革、叶卡特琳娜二世的地方管理体制变革、尼古拉一世时期的法典编撰都是沙皇政府变革俄国司法制度的尝试,但司法体制中存在的弊端直到1864年司法改革之前仍然没能得到有效解决。沙皇亚历山大二世上台之后,农奴制的废除进一步凸显出司法改革的必要性和紧迫性。在开明官僚的推动下,决意提高俄国司法管理水平的亚历山大二世决定推行司法改革。1864年,沙皇签署法令,正式开始实施司法改革。 1864年司法改革的主要创新之处在于：司法权与行政权的相对分离,口头辩诉原则的引入,陪审制的建立,对抗式诉讼模式的确立,律师及律师协会的引入,审判公开的实行等。改革创建了乡——县——司法区——省——中央的五级法院建制,完善了检察制度,创立了较为完善的上诉体制,形成了司法部和参政院联合监管下的司法管理体制。但改革最大的创新在于陪审制度和律师制度的创立。俄国陪审制是在吸收英、法模式的基础上创建的。陪审团主要通过简单多数原则来裁决,陪审团的裁决过程受司法宣誓、法官的问题列表制度、社会伦理道德等因素的影响。陪审制的引入是人民参与司法的典型体现,在俄国法制史上有着重要的意义。近代俄国的律师主要分为宣誓律师、实习律师和私人律师。律师是代表当事人维护个人权利的,他们享有言论自由。他们的管理由自治的律师协会负责。可以说,司法改革创建的律师制度对于维护专制制度下的个人权利有着重要的作用。司法改革的目标是推动俄国走上法治国家的道路。但司法的独立,司法权与行政权的分离对沙皇的专制权力产生了极大的威胁,使得司法改革逐渐成为保守派攻击的对象。19世纪70年代以后,随着俄国政治环境的变化,沙皇政府开始采取直接和间接的措施来减低司法改革的影响力,其中最为重要的反改革措施是1881年安全法令的颁布和1889年地区长官制度的建立。改革逐渐走向了反改革。在反改革的影响之下,司法独立遭遇到专制权力强有力的挑战。直到1917年,改革者建立法治国家的目标仍然没有实现。尽管如此,司法改革在推动晚期帝俄社会变革方面起到了非常重要的作用,司法改革加快了晚期帝俄经济及社会转型的步伐。同亚历山大二世实施的其他改革一样,司法改革的成功也有赖于沙皇专制体制的变革。但沙皇拒绝变革自己手中掌控的专制权力,正因为如此,司法改革也不可能实现俄国法制的真正变革。本文从国内外学术界对司法改革研究现状的梳理入手,洋细探讨了司法改革的背景,内容,具体的实施及其影响。具体包括以下儿个部分：第一章：俄国司法体制的历史沿革(9-19世纪上半期)。本章主要分析了自基辅罗斯建国以来俄国的司法改革,以及改革中存在的问题。从俄国司法改革的历史来看,历代沙皇变革俄国司法体制的努力为1864年司法改革奠定了坚实的基础。第二章：1864年司法改革。本章重点论述了司法改革的背景,改革的准备,改革法令的颁布及改革的创新之处。改革前俄国司法体制中存在的严重弊端凸显了司法改革的必要性,农奴制的废除进一步促使沙皇要下定决心改革俄国的司法制度。亚历山大二世统治时期,在开明官僚的推动下,俄国正式开始实施在历史上有着重要影响的司法改革。改革的创新之处主要在于司法相对独立、审判公开、口头辩诉等。第三章：司法改革与晚期帝俄司法体制的变革。本章重点论述了改革后俄国的司法体制,包括法院组织体系的变革,检察制度的完善,上诉体制的建立及司法管理体制的创新。第四章：近代俄国陪审制的创立及实践。本章从陪审制的起源入手,详细探讨了俄国陪审制的引入,陪审团的社会构成,陪审团的裁决方式及影响陪审团裁决的主要因素,帝俄晚期对陪审制的攻击和维护以及陪审制的影响。第五章：近代俄国律师制度的形成与发展。本章从俄国律师制度的引入开始分析,重点论述了俄国宣誓律师,实习律师及私人律师的管理。同时,律师的职业道德也是本章关注的重点。第六章：晚期帝俄司法领域的反改革。本章重点论述了司法改革的成果是如何被篡改的。沙皇政府主要通过直接和间接的反改革措施破坏了司法改革所引入的原则和制度。关键是1881年亚历山大三世安全法令的颁布及后来地区长官制度的建立,部分地破坏了司法改革所确立的司法独立原则,巩固了官僚机构的权力。19世纪80年代司法领域的一系列反改革对改革后的司法体制产生了极其不利的影响。但需要强调的是,司法改革的总体结构没有因此而发生根本性的动摇。第七章：1864年司法改革的影响。本章从法制现代化的发展、法治国家的建设、社会法律意识的成长三个方面探讨了司法改革的的作用和影响。结语部分主要从现代化整体历史发展的维度分析了1864年司法改革的影响。笔者认为,对1864年司法改革的评价不仅要看改革的制度设计,更要从长时段的角度分析司法改革的实施及其影响。本文的创新之处首先在于：基于国内外学术界的相关研究,本文较为全面地梳理了1864年司法改革的起源、发展及影响,从而在一定程度上弥补了学术界对亚历山大二世大改革研究的不足。其次,本文运用了《1864年司法改革法令》和《俄罗斯帝国法令全集》等原始文献,较为充分的史料使得本文的立论更具说服力。最后,本文不单单从法律的发展本身来探讨1864年司法改革,而是将其置于社会变革和现代化整体历史发展的维度来透视司法改革。这是研究方法上的创新。
[Abstract]:The reform of Russia ' s serfdom in 1853 - 1856 marks the beginning of the reform of Russia . After the abolition of serfdom , Alexander II of Russia successively carried out educational reform , local autonomy reform , judicial reform , financial reform and military reform , thus ushering in the " big reform " era in Russia ' s history . The reform marks the actual beginning of Russia ' s modernization , laying a solid foundation for the transformation of Russia to the modern society .

On the basis of the present materials , the thesis intends to systematically explore the judicial reform of Alexander II on the basis of the existing materials . This is the starting point of this paper .

The basic idea of this paper is that judicial reform lays a foundation for the construction of Russia ' s rule of law country and promotes the transformation of the economy and society of the late imperial Russia .

The main innovations of the judicial reform in the judicial reform are : the relative separation of the judicial power and the administrative power , the introduction of the principle of oral defense , the establishment of the confrontation type litigation pattern , the introduction of the lawyer and the bar association , the introduction of the trial public , the introduction of the lawyer and the bar association , the introduction of the trial publication , the introduction of the lawyer and the bar association , the introduction of the trial public , the establishment of the procuratorial system , the establishment of the more perfect appeal system , and the formation of the judicial management system under the joint supervision of the Ministry of Justice and the Senate .

But the biggest innovation of reform is the creation of jury system and lawyer system . The jury system is founded on the basis of absorbing the British and French mode . The jury is mainly ruled by simple majority principle . The jury ' s ruling process is influenced by judicial oath , judge ' s question list system , social ethics and so on . The introduction of jury system is the typical embodiment of the people ' s participation in the administration of justice , and has important significance in the history of Russian legal system .

In modern Russia , lawyers are mainly divided into sworn lawyers , trainee lawyers and private lawyers . Lawyers are responsible for the maintenance of individual rights by the parties . They enjoy freedom of expression . Their management is the responsibility of self - governing lawyers associations . It can be said that the legal system created by judicial reform plays an important role in the maintenance of the individual rights under the system .

The aim of judicial reform is to promote Russia to embark on the path of the country of law of law . However , the separation of judicial independence , judicial power and administrative power poses a great threat to the special powers of the czars . The most important anti - reform measures are the promulgation of the security decree in the late 19th century and the establishment of the district chief system of the region in 2009 . The most important anti - reform measures are still not realized under the influence of anti - reform . However , the reform of the judicial reform has played a very important role in the promotion of the social transformation of the late imperial Russia . However , the judicial reform has accelerated the pace of the economic and social transformation of the late imperial Russia .

As with other reforms carried out by Alexander II , the success of judicial reform depends on the change of the czar ' s authoritarian system , but the czar refuses to change the tyranny of its own hands , as it is impossible to achieve real change in the Russian rule of law .

This paper starts with the current situation of judicial reform in academic circles at home and abroad . The background , content , implementation and influence of judicial reform are discussed in detail .

Chapter One : The historical evolution of Russian judicial system ( in the first half of the 9th - 19th century ) . This chapter mainly analyzes the judicial reform of Russia since the founding of Kiev , and the problems existing in the reform . From the history of Russian judicial reform , the efforts of the Czar ' s reform of Russia ' s judicial system have laid a solid foundation for judicial reform .

Chapter 2 : The reform of judicial reform . This chapter focuses on the background of judicial reform , the preparation of reform , the promulgation of reform decrees and the innovation of reform . The serious defects existing in the former Russian judicial system highlight the necessity of judicial reform . The abolishment of serfdom further prompts the czar to reform Russia ' s judicial system . During the reign of Alexander II , Russia officially began to implement judicial reform which had important influence in history .

The innovation of reform lies mainly in the relative independence of the judiciary , the openness of trial , oral defense and so on .

Chapter Three : The reform of judicial reform and the judicial system of the late imperial Russia . This chapter focuses on the judicial system of Russia after reform , including the reform of the system of the organization of the court , the perfection of the procuratorial system , the establishment of the appellate system and the innovation of the judicial system .

Chapter Four : The creation and practice of the jury system in modern Russia . This chapter starts with the origin of jury system , probes into the introduction of the Russian jury system , the social constitution of the jury , the verdict mode of the jury and the main factors that influence the verdict of the jury , and the attack and maintenance of the jury system and the influence of jury system .

Chapter 5 : The formation and development of Russian lawyer system in modern times . This chapter begins with the introduction of Russian lawyer system , and focuses on the management of Russian sworn lawyers , trainee lawyers and private lawyers . Meanwhile , lawyers ' professional ethics is also the focus of this chapter .

Chapter 6 : Anti - reform in the judicial field of the late imperial Russia . This chapter focuses on how the achievements of judicial reform have been tampered with .

Chapter 7 : The influence of judicial reform in the judicial reform . This chapter discusses the role and influence of judicial reform from three aspects : the development of legal system modernization , the construction of the country of law , and the growth of social legal consciousness .

The conclusion part mainly analyzes the influence of the reform of judicial reform from the dimension of the development of modern whole history . The author thinks that the evaluation of judicial reform in the past four years should not only look at the system design of reform , but also analyze the implementation and influence of judicial reform from the angle of long period .

Based on the relevant research of academic circles at home and abroad , this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the origin , development and influence of judicial reform in the past four years , thus making up for some extent the insufficiency of the academic circle ' s research on Alexander II ' s great reform .

Secondly , this article applies the original documents such as the Judicial Reform Decree of the Soviet Union and the Imperial Decree of the Russian Empire , and the more sufficient historical materials make the theory of the text more persuasive .

Finally , this paper does not discuss the reform of judicial reform from the development of law itself , but puts it into the dimension of social transformation and the whole historical development of modernization . This is the innovation in the research method .

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D951.2;DD916

【引证文献】