公证民事赔偿制度法律研究

发布时间：2018-07-03 07:09

本文选题：公证赔偿制度 + 归责原则　；参考：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：第一章主要是对公证赔偿制度的一般考查。第一节论述公证赔偿的法律属性。我们要考察公证赔偿的法律属性就必须从分析公证机构的性质入手。笔者认为,公证赔偿的性质与公证行为的性质密切相关,而公证兼有行政行为和民事行为的双重属性。也就是说,公证机构：一方面,根据国家的授权行使公证权力,其行为的效力有国家强制力予以保障,具有一定的公权性；另一方面,它具有一定的自由胜性或者说自由职业性,可以通过特殊的选拔制度从民问选拔公证员,或者由国家特许授权的机构承担相应的公证职能。基此分析,公证机构的法律属性页具有双重属性：一方面,公证机构属于法律法规授权的组织,行使法律授予的国家证明权,执行国家公共职能；另一方面,公证机构又是自主开展业务、独立承担责任、按照市场规律和自律制运行的公益性、非营利性的事业法人。第二节论述了公证赔偿的归责原则,从《公证法》来看,公证赔偿的归责原则适用的是过错责任原则,这也是学术界的通说,也就是说,公证人员必须存在过错,公证机构才能承担赔偿责任,否则,公证机构就不承担赔偿责任。笔者认为公证赔偿的归责原则由过错的客观性。公证赔偿的责任构成：主体要件：公证赔偿的主体必须是公证机构及其公证人员。只有公证机构和公证人员做出的错证、假证行为,才能构成公证赔偿,其他任何机构和个人的行为均不能成为公证赔偿责任的主体；行为要件：1、公证人员在履行公证职务即办理公证事项的过程中必须有过错,公证机构才承担赔偿责任；2、公证人员的行为(包括作为或不作为的形式)具有违法性；3、必须是行使公证职务的行为；损害事实：公证机构及其公证员因过错给公证当事人或公证事项的利害关系人造成了损失,即必须有公证损失的发生；因果关系构成：公证机构及其公证人员的过错职务行为与公证当事人和公证事项利害关系人损失的发生具有因果关系。以上的4个构成要件在认定公证赔偿责任时必须同时具备,如果缺少了上述4个要件中的任何一个,公证机构及其公证人员就不可能承担任何的赔偿责任。第二章是对公证赔偿制度的比较法考察。主要是对大陆法系的法国和德国的公证赔偿制度和英美法系的美国公证赔偿制度以及我国港澳台地区公证赔偿制度。第二部分主要是对我国公证赔偿制度的实践及总体评价,从而指出我国公证赔偿制度本身存在的不足和缺陷：在公证体制改革与公证立法中,虽然借鉴和学习了以法国公证为代表的拉丁公证制度的理论和制度设计。但是应当看到,我国的社会条件与法国不同,尤其在法律环境上我国现阶段还远远落后于法国社会。我国不能照搬法国的成功经验,不同的社会阶段,应当有不同的处理。也有学者认为,大陆法不能很好地顺应社会需要,而英美法却能灵活应付社会变迁,公证赔偿制度模式选择大陆法与英美法兼收并蓄也很自然。第三章完是在前两章论述的基础上对完善我国的公证赔偿制度的提出自己的一点浅见：统一责任主体：在我国,目前存在行政、事业、合作三种体制形式的公证机构,从理论上讲,这三种体制公证处的责任主体应当有所区别；但基于对当事人权益的维护,统一由公证处作为责任主体比较合适。但并不因此免除有过错执业行为的公证人员的法律责任；赔偿范围：笔者主张,从履行公证职务的角度,是否有过错的标准应该是公证机构或公证人员是否履行了应尽的义务和职责,而且这些义务和职责是法律规定或公证行业规范所确定的；确立赔偿责任的双罚制：即民事责任与行政责任相结合。当公证员基于过错而致使当事人利益受损失时,不仅公证处应进行赔偿(而后可向有故意或重大过失的公证员追偿),对公证机构和经办公证员亦应予以执业纪律上的行政责任处分,以示惩诫；完善赔偿体制；公证赔偿中的连带责任：其一是公证员与审批人、公证员助理的连带责任；其二是公证员与翻译、打印、档案管理人员的连带责任；其三是因提存等业务发生的委托代理人的连带责任；完善赔偿程序：笔者认为公证赔偿的程序应有内部救济程序和诉讼救济程序两种程序供当事人选择；合理分配举证责任：根据“谁主张,谁举证”的原理,公证赔偿申请人或公证事项利害关系人应该对公证机构在办理公证过程中的违法行为、损害结果、违法行为与损害结果之间的因果关系这三个要件进行举证；增加时效免责的规定；加强公证人员职业道德建设。
[Abstract]:The first chapter is the general examination of the system of notarial compensation. The first section discusses the legal attribute of notarial compensation. We should examine the legal attributes of notarial compensation from the analysis of the nature of the notarial institutions. The author holds that the nature of notarial compensation is closely related to the nature of the notarial behavior, and that notarization has both administrative and civil acts. In other words, the notary agency: on the one hand, the power of notarization is exercised in accordance with the authorization of the state, the effect of which is guaranteed by the force of the state, with a certain public power; on the other hand, it has a certain degree of freedom or freelance, and can select a notary from the people through a special selection system, or According to the analysis, the legal attribute pages of the notary institutions have dual attributes: on the one hand, the notary institutions belong to the organizations authorized by the laws and regulations, exercise the state's right to prove the state and carry out the state's public functions; on the other hand, the notary agency is independent to carry out its own business, alone. The second section discusses the principle of imputation for notary compensation. From the notary law, the principle of fault liability applies to the principle of the imputation of notary compensation, which is also the general theory of the academic circle, that is to say, the notary must have fault and notary machine. The author thinks that the liability principle of notary compensation consists of the objectivity of the fault and the liability of notarial compensation: the main elements: the main body of the notary compensation must be the notary agency and its notarial personnel. In order to constitute a notarial compensation, the behavior of any other institution and individual can not be the subject of the notarial liability; 1, the notary personnel must have fault in the process of performing notarization, the notary public is responsible for the liability; 2, the behavior of the notary personnel (including the form or the form of inaction) Type) has the illegality; 3, it must be the act of exercising the notarial duty; the damage fact: the notary agency and its notary cause the damage to the notarial parties or the interests of the notarial matters, that is, the occurrence of the notary loss; the causation is composed of the notarial structure and its notarial fault duty behavior and notarization. There is a cause and effect relationship between the parties to the parties and the notarial interests of the interested parties. The 4 elements above must be held at the same time when identifying the liability for notary compensation. If any of the above 4 elements are missing, the notary institutions and their notaries will not be liable for any liability.
The second chapter is a comparative study of the system of notarial compensation, mainly the notary compensation system of France and Germany in the continental law system, the American notarial compensation system in Anglo American legal system and the notarial compensation system of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan in our country. The second part is mainly the practice and overall evaluation of the notary compensation system in our country, thus pointing out the public of our country. In the reform of notary system and notarial legislation, the theory and system design of the system of Latin notarization represented by French notarization is learned and learned. However, it should be seen that our social conditions are different from France, especially in the legal environment our country is far behind the law at present. Our country can not copy the successful experience of France. There should be different treatment in different social stages. Some scholars believe that the continental law can not comply with the social needs well, but the Anglo American law can flexibly cope with social changes, and it is natural to choose both the continental law and the Anglo American Law in the notary compensation system model.
The third chapter is on the basis of the first two chapters on the improvement of the notary compensation system of our country to put forward a little view: the unified responsibility subject: in our country, there are three kinds of Public Notarization Institutions in the form of administrative, cause and cooperation in China. In theory, the responsibility subject of the three kinds of system should be different; but based on the theory, The maintenance of the rights and interests of the parties is more appropriate to be unified by the notary office as the main body of responsibility. But it does not eliminate the legal liability of the notary personnel with the act of fault. The scope of compensation is: from the point of view of the duty of notarization, the standard of whether there is a fault or not should be the obligation of the notary agency or notary. And responsibilities, and these duties and duties are determined by legal provisions or notarial norms; a double penalty system for establishing liability is a combination of civil liability and administrative responsibility. When the notary is based on the fault, the notary shall not only compensate for the loss of the interests of the party, and then it may then be notarized by a deliberate or major negligence. The administrative responsibility of the notary institutions and the notary public notaries should also be punished by the administrative responsibility of the practice discipline to show punishment; improve the compensation system; the joint and several liability in the notary compensation: one is the joint liability of the notary and the examiner, the assistant of the notary; and the second is the joint liability of the notary and the translator, printing and archival managers; The third is the joint and several liability of the principal agent, which is due to the deposit and other business; the author thinks that the procedure of the notary compensation should have the two procedures of the internal relief procedure and the procedural relief procedure for the parties to choose; the rational distribution of the burden of proof: according to the principle of "who advocates, who holds the certificate", the notary compensation applicant or the notary public The interested parties of the matters should testify to the three important elements of the notary agency's illegal acts in the process of notarization, the result of the damage, the cause and effect of the illegal behavior and the result of the damage; increase the provisions on the exemption of the time of time and strengthen the construction of the professional ethics of the notary personnel.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D926.6;D923

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