跨境污染损害责任的私法化

发布时间：2018-01-07 23:15

本文关键词：跨境污染损害责任的私法化　出处：《政法论坛》2013年06期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：跨境污染损害中,由于追究国家责任存有复杂性与对抗制的缺陷,使国际环境损害责任制度呈现出越来越明显的私法化的价值取向,成为一种广泛发展起来的对污染损害中追究国家的国际责任的替代选择,即增强"私法救济"而逐渐代替、消减"公法救济",国际法委员会最终形成的《关于危险活动造成的跨界损害中损失分配的原则草案》核心是以民事主体为主并采取严格责任的私法责任原则,是在既定国家责任编撰目标无法实现时的折中方案。然无论私法化的救济方法多么完善,依然存在救济效果的局限性,终究无法替代公法救济的重要作用;国家责任和私法责任具有相互独立的构成要件与各自存在的价值,在功能上具有依存或者补充关系,选择私法责任模式并不等于放弃国家责任。私法化并不能有效防止严重跨境污染损害的发生,私法化是无奈、权宜的选择,应该首先重视国家责任制度的发展,其次才是建立完善的私法救济制度。由国家承担防止跨境污染损害的产生的国家过失责任,能更好地促进国家认真履行和发展关于保护国际坏境的义务。赔偿责任制度虽然不可或缺但同时不可能成为国际环境法的发展重点,重点是预防和减少实际损害的发生,应该把责任的承担压力切实转化成为国家和从业者保护环境的改进行为,这样才能真正增加环境利益。
[Abstract]:In cross-border pollution damage, due to the complexity of investigating national liability and the defects of confrontation system, the international environmental damage liability system presents a more and more obvious value orientation of private law. It has become an alternative to investigate the international responsibility of the state in the pollution damage, that is, to strengthen the "private law relief" and gradually replace it, and to reduce the "public law relief". The core of the draft principles on the allocation of loss in case of Transboundary harm arising out of Hazardous activities, which the International Law Commission had eventually developed, was the principle of private law liability, which was dominated by civil subjects and which adopted strict liability. However, no matter how perfect the private law relief method, there still exists the limitation of relief effect, which can not replace the important role of public law relief. The state responsibility and the private law responsibility have the mutually independent constituent elements and the respective existence value, in the function has the dependence or the supplementary relation. Choosing the liability mode of private law does not mean giving up state responsibility. Private law can not effectively prevent the occurrence of serious transboundary pollution damage. Private law is the choice of helplessness and expediency, so we should first attach importance to the development of the system of state responsibility. The second is to establish a perfect private law relief system. The state should bear the responsibility of state negligence to prevent transboundary pollution damage. It can better promote the serious implementation and development of the obligation of the State to protect the international environment. The liability regime, although indispensable, cannot at the same time become the focus of the development of international environmental law. The emphasis is to prevent and reduce the occurrence of actual damage, and the burden of responsibility should be translated into the improvement of environmental protection by the state and practitioners, so as to increase the environmental benefits.
【作者单位】：南开大学法学院;
【分类号】：D996.9
【正文快照】： 一、引言当今,世界环境已遭受了有史以来最严重的破坏,且在不断地加速恶化,并已造成了比例失调。①环境的破坏与污染是伴随着社会高度产业化而出现的,经济发展与环境保护之间的正确平衡已成为了国际社会面临的一个主要挑战,而兼顾环境与发展,找出平衡的解决方案,取决于对社会

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