生物遗传资源获取与惠益分享制度的国际经验

发布时间：2018-01-22 19:36

本文关键词： 生物遗传资源生物多样性公约名古屋议定书获取与惠益分享知识产权保护　出处：《环境保护》2016年21期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：生物遗传资源是一个国家的战略资源,处理好生物遗传资源的获取、惠益分享与知识产权保护,已成为亟待解决的重要国际问题。《名古屋议定书》为解决遗传资源获取与惠益分享问题确立了基本国际法律框架,但其有效实施仍需各成员国的国家立法提供支撑。与中国国情相似的印度、巴西、澳大利亚等生物遗传资源丰富的国家都已经通过了本国立法,印度基本形成了生物多样性总局和邦生物多样性局分国内外分别审批的管理模式;巴西从出台暂行条例到正式颁布经历了10余年的实践修改完善,并专门成立了生物遗传资源管理委员会(CGEN);澳大利亚除了国家立法外,也开展了地方性立法。建议中国应基于国情,尽快出台"生物遗传资源获取与惠益分享管理条例",通过制定实施细则与各类规范使其条款逐步完善并具有可操作性,在不改变现有审批制度的前提下,与现有法律法规协同增效管理好中国的生物遗传资源。
[Abstract]:Biological genetic resources are the strategic resources of a country. It deals well with the access, benefit-sharing and intellectual property protection of biological genetic resources. Nagoya Protocol has established a basic international legal framework for solving the problem of access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources. But its effective implementation still needs to be supported by member states' national legislation. Countries with rich genetic resources, such as India, Brazil and Australia, which have similar national conditions to China, have already adopted their own legislation. India has basically formed a management model approved by the General Directorate of Biodiversity and the State Bureau of Biodiversity respectively at home and abroad. From the introduction of provisional regulations to the formal promulgation of Brazil has experienced more than 10 years of practice modification and perfection, and the establishment of a special committee for the management of biological genetic resources CGENU; In addition to national legislation, Australia has also introduced local legislation. It is suggested that China should introduce the regulations on access to and Benefit-sharing of Bio-genetic Resources as soon as possible, based on the national conditions. By making the detailed rules and regulations to make its terms perfect and operable, and without changing the existing examination and approval system, we should coordinate with existing laws and regulations to manage Chinese biological genetic resources.
【作者单位】：环境保护部南京环境科学研究所自然保护与生物多样性研究中心;
【分类号】：D996.9
【正文快照】： 生物遗传资源是一个国家的战略资源,是生物产业发展的重要物质基础,对农业和生物技术产业的发展尤为关键,是关系到人类粮食安全、生物安全与可持续发展的关键性战略资源。矮秆基因的发现导致了全世界粮食生产的“绿色革命”;水稻雄性不育基因的利用,创造了中国杂交稻的奇迹;优

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