《鹿特丹规则》视角下提单功能的转变及其影响

发布时间：2018-02-06 04:54

本文关键词： 鹿特丹规则提单功能无单放货　出处：《吉林大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：提单作为买卖工具在长期的历史发展中演变，至今在国际经济贸易发展中仍占据重要地位。由于《鹿特丹规则》的出现，传统提单受到了很大的挑战。提单之所以具有物权凭证功能，是因为其流转速度快于海上货物运输的船速。当代科技的发展和造船技术的进步，都使得航运速度大幅提升，而集装箱运输的普及也使得海上货物运输速度得以提高。由于提单的速度没有加快，经常是，，货物已经到达目的港，但是提单却还在流转之中，这一情况在短途运输中尤为明显。这样，提单的流转速度不但没有促进经济发展，反而成了阻碍货物运输的障碍。电子单证的出现解决了提单流转缓慢的问题，对传统提单是较大的冲击。随着科技发展，计算机的普遍应用，电子提单应运而生并迅速发展。由于借助了互联网技术，电子提单的运转速度大为提高，但传统提单的功能也并没有收到太大的影响。虽然电子提单的使用率现在还不是很高，但这些都不能构成实质性的影响，在不久的将来，电子提单一定会有所发展进步，将对传统提单产生重大影响。随着情形的变迁，提单在现实海运实践中遇到了困境，签发不止一份的正本提单、副本提单加保函提货、无正本提单放货等，严重影响了航运秩序。我国在提单制度方面也存在这种危机，提单问题在法律方面的模糊与空缺，导致了理论的争议和法律适用的不统一。提单在一段历史时期内还不会被其他运输单证所取代，将继续发挥它的优势作用，所以对提单功能的研究也是不会过时的。笔者通过阅读各界学者的文章及书籍，分析提单功能的同时也对无单放货问题进行探讨，总结国内外关于提单的制度，借鉴国外先进的立法司法经验，从不同的角度对提单的功能进行研究，并分析我国应采取的相应对策。综上，提单是运输单证的重要组成部分，提单功能是研究运输单证法律制度的核心。加强对提单功能法律制度的研究，可以更好的认识提单法律制度，把握提单在实践中的具体应用。《鹿特丹规则》中关于运输单证新规定及货物交付的原则，都在一定程度上改变着提单在海上为货物运输业中的地位。在新规则下允许承运人在一定条件下无单放货原则，深深的触动了现有提单法律体系。无单放货问题是伴随提单的发展而产生的，想要改变现在的由于传统提单滞后带来的种种问题，不仅要在运输单证上着手，还要完善相关立法规范。具体体现在我国，要完善无单放货的严格责任体系，提高提单的流转速度，推广电子单证和海运单。同时通过分析无单放货的法律问题，也从中得到了许多启示。海商法的核心还是要发展海上贸易，那么就应该要平衡船方和货方的利益，达到双赢，也要兼顾国际贸易与海运的相互渗透与独立，在吸纳国际公约和国际先进航运国家最新立法的同时，建立本土的承运人制度。
[Abstract]:Bill of lading, as a trading tool, has evolved in the long history and still occupies an important position in the development of international economy and trade. The traditional bill of lading is challenged greatly. The bill of lading has the function of document of title because it flows faster than the ship speed of the carriage of goods by sea, the development of modern science and technology and the progress of shipbuilding technology. Because the speed of bill of lading has not been accelerated, often the goods have arrived at the port of destination. But the bill of lading is still in circulation, this situation is especially obvious in short distance transportation. Thus, the circulation speed of bill of lading not only does not promote economic development. The emergence of electronic documents has solved the problem of slow circulation of bills of lading, which is a great impact on traditional bills of lading. With the development of science and technology, computer is widely used. Electronic bill of lading came into being and developed rapidly. With the help of Internet technology, the speed of electronic bill of lading has been greatly improved. But the function of the traditional bill of lading has not received too much influence. Although the usage rate of the electronic bill of lading is not very high at present, these cannot form the substantive influence in the near future. Electronic bills of lading are bound to develop and progress and will have a significant impact on traditional bills of lading. With the change of the situation, the bill of lading has encountered difficulties in the actual practice of shipping, issuing more than one original bill of lading, duplicate bill of lading with guarantee to pick up the goods, no original bill of lading delivery, etc. The system of bill of lading in our country also exists this kind of crisis, the problem of bill of lading is vague and vacant in the aspect of law. The bill of lading will not be replaced by other transport documents in a historical period, and will continue to play its advantage role. Therefore, the research on the function of bill of lading will not be out of date. The author analyzes the function of bill of lading by reading the articles and books of scholars from all walks of life, and summarizes the system of bill of lading at home and abroad. This paper studies the function of bill of lading from different angles and analyzes the corresponding countermeasures to be taken by our country for reference to the advanced legislative and judicial experience of foreign countries. In summary, the bill of lading is an important part of the transport document, and the function of the bill of lading is the core of the study of the legal system of transport document. To strengthen the study of the legal system of the bill of lading, we can better understand the legal system of the bill of lading. Grasp the specific application of bill of lading in practice. The new provisions of the Rotterdam rules on transport documents and the principles of delivery of goods. Both of them have changed the status of bill of lading in the shipping industry to a certain extent. Under the new rules, the carrier is allowed to release goods without documentary under certain conditions. Deeply touched the existing legal system of bills of lading. The issue of delivery of goods without bills of lading is accompanied by the development of bills of lading. If you want to change the current problems caused by the lag of traditional bills of lading, we should not only start on transport documents. But also to improve the relevant legislative norms. Specifically reflected in our country, to improve the strict liability system to improve the circulation speed of bills of lading. At the same time, through the analysis of the legal issues of undocumented delivery of goods, we also get a lot of inspiration. The core of maritime law is to develop maritime trade. So we should balance the interests of the ship and the cargo to achieve a win-win, but also take into account the mutual penetration and independence of international trade and shipping, while absorbing international conventions and the latest legislation of advanced international shipping countries at the same time. Establish a native carrier system.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D996.19

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