空间碎片造成损害责任制度研究

发布时间：2018-02-09 06:46

本文关键词： 空间碎片国际法律责任损害赔偿制度市场份额制度　出处：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：空间碎片是伴随着人类探索利用外层空间的脚步的深入产生并不断增加的。这些碎片给我们的外空探索、利用活动带来了巨大的危害,并且还有不断加剧的趋势。因为即使各国不再向外空继续发射空间物体的话,空间碎片自身的碰撞也会增加在轨碎片的密度。这就警示我们需要解决碎片的有关问题。在国际上,对于碎片的解决主要是从技术和法律两个角度来进行。在技术上主要是航天大国对空间碎片实施减缓办法,甚至研究对碎片进行清除。在法律上主要是解决空间碎片造成损害的责任问题。空间碎片造成的损害分为两类:一是在外层空间造成的人员、财产和环境损害;另一类是碎片返回地球表面造成的人员、财产和环境损害。虽然后一种损害还不是很突出,但是也不乏这样的事例出现,在UNCOPUOS的会议中也一再呼吁人们对这类损害的关注,因为它和人们的生命财产安全息息相关。在责任性质上主要有一般国际责任和国际赔偿责任。对于空间碎片责任问题的解决,虽然在国际上没有专门的国际条约,但是由于空间碎片与空间物体的紧密关系和公约制定的意图,对于空间碎片造成特定国家人员、财产损害的可以适用《外空条约》、《责任公约》以及《登记公约》来解决。对于环境损害可以适用国际外空条约规定的原则。但是毕竟作为空间活动基本条约的五大公约在面临现在外空私营化、商业化和军事化的高速发展情况下,已经有许多需要完善的地方,如在求偿主体、责任主体、责任实现方式等等方面。由于以美国为首的空间大国不愿意制定新的协议解决有关碎片的责任问题,所以只能现在对《外空条约》、《责任公约》和《登记公约》进行部分扩大解释。并对现有的国际组织资源加以利用,如UNCOPUOS。在UNCOPUOS下设空间碎片监管委员会主管空间碎片的监控的日常工作,并与科技小组委员会、法律小组委员会共享有关碎片的信息资料,处理空间碎片造成损害的事故,确定责任问题。等到以后时机成熟再制定新的协议。国际电信联盟、美国SSN等也有着先进的碎片跟踪技术,也可以与UNCOPUOS互通信息,对于无法识别身份的碎片进行跟踪、确认,编制目录等。在解决空间碎片致损责任问题上,主要是对无法识别的空间碎片造成的损害的责任问题的解决,和对碎片造成外空环境污染责任问题的解决。笔者认为由于无法识别身份的碎片造成的损害就是共同危险行为责任问题,应由从事共同危险行为的人来承担责任即所有空间活动国家,对于责任的分担最为合适的方法是市场份额制度的引入,和在轨税收的设立。国际上许多航天国家都已颁布了调整空间活动的基本法—空间法,还有一些国家制定了专门的外空赔偿责任法。笔者在本文中主要介绍了美国、俄罗斯和欧盟国家的有关法律,虽然这些不是专门规制空间碎片造成损害的责任制度,对于空间碎片致损的责任问题也可以借鉴、参照使用。我国外层空间立法尚不完善,应借鉴国际和其他国家的做法及时制定空间损害赔偿责任的法律。
[Abstract]:Space debris is accompanied by an in - depth and growing presence of human exploration and use of outer space . These debris have created enormous harm to our outer space exploration and utilization , and there is an increasing trend . In the international arena , space debris itself collisions will increase the density of debris . In the international arena , there are two types of damage to space debris : one is the human , property and environmental damage caused by space debris . The resolution of the issue of space debris liability , although there was no international treaty on the international level , was addressed by the close relationship between space debris and space objects and the intent of the Convention , which could be addressed by the applicability of the Outer Space Treaty Organization , the Liability Convention and the Convention on Registration of Outer Space for the purpose of space debris , which could be applied to the principles set forth in the international space treaties . But after all , the five conventions , which are fundamental to space activities , are in the face of the high - speed development of privatization , commercialization and militarization of space now . As a result of the reluctance of space Powers headed by the United States to formulate new agreements to address the liability of debris , it is only possible to establish new agreements with the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and the Legal Subcommittee . In order to solve the problem of space debris damage liability , mainly to solve the problem of damage caused by the space debris which cannot be recognized , and to solve the problem of outer space environmental pollution responsibility to the debris , the author believes that the damage caused by the failure to identify the identity is the common dangerous behavior responsibility problem , and the most suitable method for the responsibility sharing is the introduction of the market share system and the establishment of the rail tax . In the world , many aerospace countries have promulgated the basic law - space law to adjust space activities , and some countries have formulated special law on liability for space compensation . Although these are not the liability regime for the damage caused by space debris , the liability for damage to space debris can be used as reference , and the law of space damages should be formulated in time by reference to the practice of international and other countries .

【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D999.1

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