论国际人道法的遵守机制

发布时间：2018-02-13 12:09

本文关键词： 国际人道法遵约机制红十字国际委员会透明度　出处：《中国政法大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：如何确保规则得到遵守是国际人道法的一个重要挑战。确保现行的国际人道法被遵守的主要机制有:保证尊重的义务、保护国制度、调查程序、国际实况调查委员会、红十字国际委员会等。《日内瓦四公约》共同第一条以及《第一附加议定书》都规定了缔约国负有保证公约及议定书被尊重的义务,这一义务即包括保证其国内尊重公约及议定书,还包括了保证其他缔约国或其他主体尊重缔约国的义务。保护国制度旨在在武装冲突中引入第三方对交战方的作战行为进行监督并协助公约的实施,但由于在现实中很少有国家愿意担任保护国而极少发挥作用;调查程序和国际实况调查委员会是针对缔约国之间指称一方违反公约的事实进行调查的制度,但是国际实况调查委员会因为接受的国家太少而难以发挥作用;红十字国际委员会是国际法上一个具有独特性质的组织,该组织在促进缔约国遵守国际人道法上发挥了重要的作用。从总体来看,首先现行的国际人道法遵守机制主要还是主要依靠缔约国的自觉;其次国际人道法缺少一个全局性的综合遵守机制;再次,现行遵守机制无助于增强透明度,进而增强国家间的互信;最后,现行的机制对于非国际性武装冲突中人道法的遵守几乎没有发挥作用。因此,改革国际人道法的遵约机制以促进其被更好的遵守势在必行。为了加强国际人道法的遵守,自《日内瓦四公约》成立以来,国际社会一直在持续努力推进。从《日内瓦四公约》及其附加议定书的缔约国、红十字国际委员会到联合国,再到其他国际会议等场合,都在不断地努力,试图改善国际人道法的遵约机制,加强国际人道法的遵守。值得注意的是从2012年开始,在瑞士政府和红十字国际委员会的倡议下,加强遵守国际人道法的国家间会议就该问题进行了长达四年的讨论。该次会议最终形成了《总结报告》,该报告建议建立一个国家间的会议制度作为有关国际人道法的对话平台,并在该平台上建立履约报告、专题讨论,乃至实况调查等具体制度。但遗憾的是,在2015年红十字与红新月国际大会上,各国未能就该报告中的提议达成一致,但要求继续就国际人道法的遵守问题进行讨论以寻求共识。但各国仍然认识到了加强遵守国际人道法的重要性,以及建立一个普遍的遵约机制的必要性。所以,在将来建立一个这样的机制仍然存在较大的可能性。
[Abstract]:How to ensure that rules are respected is an important challenge of international humanitarian law... the main mechanisms for ensuring compliance with existing international humanitarian law are the obligation to ensure respect, the system of protectors, the procedure of inquiry, and the International Fact-Finding Commission, The International Committee of the Red Cross, among others. Article 1 common to the Geneva Conventions and additional Protocol I impose obligations on States parties to ensure respect for the Convention and its protocols, This obligation includes, inter alia, ensuring respect for the Convention and the protocols thereto, Including ensuring that other States parties or other subjects respect the obligations of States parties... the institution of the protective State is designed to introduce third parties in armed conflict to monitor the operational behaviour of belligerents and to assist in the implementation of the Convention, However, since very few States are willing to play a role as protectors in reality, the inquiry procedure and the International Fact-Finding Commission are a system of inquiry into facts between States parties alleging violations of the Convention by one of the States parties, However, the International Fact-Finding Commission (IFact-Finding Commission), which is a unique organization in international law, is difficult to function because of the small number of receiving States, and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), The organization has played an important role in promoting the compliance of States parties with international humanitarian law. As a whole, the current compliance mechanism of international humanitarian law mainly depends on the consciousness of the States parties; Secondly, the lack of a comprehensive and comprehensive compliance mechanism for international humanitarian law; thirdly, the existing compliance mechanism does not contribute to greater transparency and, consequently, greater mutual trust among States; and finally, The existing mechanisms have little effect on compliance with humanitarian law in non-international armed conflicts... therefore, it is imperative to reform the compliance mechanism of international humanitarian law in order to promote better compliance... in order to strengthen compliance with international humanitarian law, Since the establishment of the Geneva Conventions, the international community has been making sustained efforts... from the High Contracting parties to the Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols, to the International Committee of the Red Cross to the United Nations and to other international conferences, Are continuing efforts to improve compliance mechanisms of international humanitarian law and to enhance compliance with international humanitarian law... it is worth noting that, from 2012, at the initiative of the Government of Switzerland and the International Committee of the Red Cross, The inter-State meeting on strengthening compliance with international humanitarian law held four years of discussion on the issue. The meeting culminated in the concluding report, which recommended the establishment of a system of inter-State meetings as a platform for dialogue on international humanitarian law, And to establish on the platform specific systems such as compliance reports, thematic discussions and even fact-finding... but regretting that, at the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent on 2015, States were unable to agree on the proposals contained in the report, Calling, however, for continued discussions on compliance with international humanitarian law in order to seek consensus... but States continue to recognize the importance of strengthening compliance with international humanitarian law and the need for a universal compliance mechanism... therefore, It is still possible to establish such a mechanism in the future.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D995

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