沿海国海洋权利不断扩大的国际法分析

发布时间：2018-02-21 05:23

本文关键词： 领海制度《1982年公约》《2001年公约》　出处：《华东政法大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：起初,人类认为海洋是共有之物。地理大发现后,海洋强国开始分割海洋,由此引发了海洋自由论和闭海论的争论。随着欧洲国家主权意识的觉醒,海洋强国主张对近海区域进行国家控制。19世纪,大部分沿海国建立起领海制度,领海制度逐渐成为国际习惯法。国际社会在1930年召开了国际法编纂会议,联合国主持召开了三次海洋法会议。其中,1982年通过的《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《1982年公约》)全面解决了领海制度的问题。领海制度的实践与国际法确认,是沿海国海洋权利扩大的第一步。《1982年公约》还赋予了沿海国对毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架的有关权利。1945年的杜鲁门公告、广大发展中国家的海洋实践以及《1982年公约》的国际法确认,是沿海国海洋权利扩大的第二步,即确立和扩大它们在领海外特定海域的权利。在《2001年保护水下文化遗产公约》(以下简称《2001年公约》)中,沿海国获得在领海外特定海域的水下文化遗产(Underwater Cultural Heritage,以下简称UCH)保护方面的优先权。这是沿海国海洋权利的进一步扩大。沿海国的海洋权利扩大是历史发展的必然趋势,实质上反映了两个问题。一是体现海洋资源有限性和人类发展无限性之间的矛盾冲突;二是体现国际海洋法秩序由旧向新的演变。中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,是濒临太平洋的沿海国,但它和邻国以及其他沿海国家比较,在海洋策略和海洋实践方面,面临的形势都比较严峻。在沿海国海洋权利不断强化的当代社会,中国应加强海洋应对策略,完善海洋立法。在论证方法上,本文主要采用归纳论证法,按时间顺序概括了国际社会在不同时期的海洋实践和海洋立法,从而得出沿海国海洋权利不断扩大的结论。在体例安排上,本文共由四部分组成。第一章介绍了领海制度如何成为国际习惯法以及它在国际条约法层面的最终确立情况。第二章分析了《1982年公约》的制定背景,而后具体说明沿海国在毗连区、专属经济区内和大陆架上的海洋权利扩大的表现。第三章分析了《2001年公约》确立的国际合作保护模式下,沿海国的权利扩大表现。第四章先是对沿海国权利扩大的实质做一简要分析,后又立足中国立场,概括了学者们在中国的海洋对策以及海洋立法方面的一些建议。
[Abstract]:At first, man believed that the sea was a common thing. After the great discovery of geography, the great powers of the sea began to divide the sea, which led to the debate between the theory of freedom of the sea and the theory of closing the sea, and with the awakening of the consciousness of national sovereignty in Europe, In the 19th century, most coastal States established the regime of territorial sea, and the regime of territorial sea gradually became customary international law. In 1930, the international community convened a conference on the codification of international law. The United Nations convened three conferences on the law of the sea under the auspices of the United Nations. Among them, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter referred to as the Convention of 1982), adopted on 1982, comprehensively resolved the problem of the regime of the territorial sea. The Convention of 1982 also gives coastal States relevant rights over the contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. The Truman Proclamation of 1945, The maritime practice of developing States in general and the international law of the Convention of 1982 recognize as the second step towards the expansion of the maritime rights of coastal States, In the Convention for the Protection of the underwater Cultural Heritage of 2001 (hereinafter referred to as the Convention of 2001), Coastal States are given priority in the protection of the underwater Cultural heritage of certain offshore waters. This is a further expansion of the maritime rights of coastal States. The expansion of maritime rights of coastal countries is an inevitable trend of historical development, which reflects two problems in essence: one is to reflect the contradiction and conflict between the limitation of marine resources and the infinity of human development; The second is to reflect the international order of the law of the sea from the old to the new evolution. China is the largest developing country in the world and a coastal country bordering the Pacific Ocean, but compared with its neighbours and other coastal countries, it is in terms of ocean strategy and practice. In the contemporary society in which the maritime rights of coastal countries are constantly strengthened, China should strengthen the marine coping strategies and improve maritime legislation. In the argumentation method, this paper mainly adopts the inductive argumentation method, summarizes the marine practice and the marine legislation of the international community in different periods according to the time sequence, thus draws the conclusion that the maritime rights of the coastal States are expanding constantly. The first chapter introduces how the system of territorial sea becomes international customary law and its final establishment in the aspect of international treaty law. The second chapter analyzes the background of the Convention of 1982. Then it specifies the manifestations of the expansion of maritime rights of coastal States in the contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. Chapter III analyzes the model of protection of international cooperation established by the Convention of 2001, Chapter 4th makes a brief analysis of the essence of the expansion of the rights of coastal states, and then summarizes the suggestions of scholars on China's maritime countermeasures and marine legislation.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D993.5

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