历史性捕鱼权问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-02 03:00

本文关键词： 历史性捕鱼权习惯国际法国家实践《联合国海洋法公约》　出处：《上海海洋大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：海洋渔业是海洋利用的先导性产业,是当前和今后一个时期海洋生物资源开发利用的主要方式之一。渔业提供的海产食品是主要的食物和营养来源之一,在全球粮食安全方面发挥重要作用。渔业管辖制度深刻影响国际海洋法的演变。国际海洋法律制度的早期历史就是围绕沿海国具有专属渔业管辖权的范围展开的。1982年《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《公约》)签署以来,世界各国普遍将海洋生物资源视为一种战略资源,围绕渔业资源的养护和利用展开激烈的竞争,使得这方面的国际规制仍然是国际海洋法发展最快、最为活跃的部分之一。《公约》生效后,我国海洋渔业发展的国际和周边形势均发生重大变化。《公约》确立了二百海里专属经济区制度,极大拓展了沿海国对包括渔业资源在内的自然资源具有专属管辖权的海域。全球海洋渔业捕捞量的95%来自沿海国的专属经济区,因而此项制度深刻影响全球渔业资源的分配。历史上经过长期实践形成的历史性捕鱼权受到深刻影响,甚至诱发国际渔业纠纷。学术界关于历史性捕鱼权利(又称传统捕鱼权)的争论一直存在。尤其是专属经济区制度实施后,甚至有学者认为《公约》已经“取代”甚至“否认”了历史性捕鱼权的效力。但是,正是由于争议的存在,对历史性捕鱼权问题在理论上进行深入思考才更具意义。历史性捕鱼权对于我国具有重大现实意义。长期以来,我国渔民惯常于在东海、黄海和南海从事渔业捕捞活动。1997--2000年,我国先后与日本、韩国和越南分别签署了新的双边渔业协定。这些按照专属经济区制度设计的渔业协定生效后,我国传统渔场大幅缩减,近海渔场捕捞能力过剩与渔业资源衰退的矛盾进一步激化。从更长远上看,二百海里专属经济区制度实施之后,我国与朝鲜、韩国、日本、菲律宾、印度尼西亚、马来西亚和越南等国都存在海域划界问题。由于我国渔民的一些传统渔场位于朝鲜、韩国、日本、越南、菲律宾等国一侧,历史性捕鱼活动将不可避免的受到进一步影响。分析传统捕鱼权的效力及其在专属经济区中的地位,对于我国与周边国家在渔业资源利用和海域划界具有十分重要的现实意义。本项研究的理论和现实意义主要包括:首先,在法理上,本文的核心任务为探讨历史性捕鱼权在《公约》主导的现代国际法海洋法体系下是否仍然具有法律效力。为此,需要回答两个主要问题:第一,历史性捕鱼权是否满足习惯国际法的国家实践和法律确信这两个法律要件;第二,历史性捕鱼权是否与《公约》所确立的专属经济区制度相冲突。其次,在实践意义方面,本项研究关注我国渔民在周边海域具有的历史性捕鱼权,致力于探讨在《公约》框架下,历史性捕鱼权和专属经济区制度的协调,以期公正合理利用渔业资源,减少周边海域渔业纠纷。再次,学界对于历史性捕鱼权的国际法效力问题一直存在争议。本项研究力图全面梳理关于历史性捕鱼权的国家实践,运用习惯国际法的有关理论,探讨此项规则的习惯国际法地位,并在我国在南海断续线内捕鱼权问题上提出新的观点,希望有助于相关的讨论。本文运用比较研究与系统研究相结合、理论与实践相结合等方法,探索从习惯国际法或一般法律原则的角度论证历史性捕鱼权在国际法上是否有效,并明确其内涵和构成要件以及适用范围。研究思路为系统梳理历史性捕鱼权的发展脉络,从有关公约、协定、沿海国的实践、国际司法判例等领域分析传统捕鱼权的发展历史,尤其是《公约》生效后历史性捕鱼权的效力和相关实践。在沿海国对专属经济区内的渔业资源进行专属管辖和海洋渔业资源可持续利用的国际背景下,本文尝试做出如何维护进行传统捕鱼活动渔民利益的建议。本文主体内容共分为八章。在第一章中探索历史性捕鱼权的产生及演变历史脉络,揭示此项权利的产生根源和依据。第二章探讨历史性捕鱼权与历史性权利的关系。第三章讨论《公约》与历史性捕鱼权的关系。第四章历史性捕鱼权的法律实践,主要内容为梳理并总结在新的海洋法体系下,有关历史性捕鱼权的国家实践和国际司法实践,为在后面章节中继续探讨历史性捕鱼权的国际法地位发挥基础性作用。第五章习惯国际法的有关理论,重点讨论习惯国际法规则构成要件理论。第六章历史性捕鱼权的国际法效力,主要内容为根据习惯国际法规则构成要件理论,检验历史性捕鱼权是否具备国际习惯规则的效力,并探讨此项权利作为习惯规则与作为条约法的《公约》之间的关系。第七章以黄海和南海为例,探讨我国在周边海域的历史性捕鱼活动。在以上研究的基础上,提出几项政策建议:加强政策扶持,保持我国历史性渔业活动的连续性;加大协商力度,争取尽可能多的入渔份额;加强学术研究,为打赢法理战和舆论战打下坚实基础等。本文根据习惯国际法规则的两个构成要件:国家实践和法律确信的要求,考察了历史性捕鱼权是否具备国际习惯的构成要件,认为历史性捕鱼权具有习惯国际法地位。历史性捕鱼权在20世纪60年代起即为多个国家广泛应用,至今仍在多个国家间存在,并且为国际司法机构所认同,主要表现为条约、国际法院的判决和国家立法等。开展这些实践的国家大多通过具有法律拘束力的条约和国内立法的形式来认可历史性捕鱼权,证明历史性捕鱼权的习惯国际法效力具备法律确信要件。可见,历史性捕鱼权仍具备国际习惯的构成要件,是一项习惯国际法规则。就历史性捕鱼权与《公约》的关系而言,以《公约》为主要内容的当代国际海洋法并没有否定历史性捕鱼权。从《公约》的有关规定可见,虽然《公约》没有对历史性捕鱼权的地位作出明确规定,但意识到了传统捕鱼权的现实意义,在具体条款上对历史性捕鱼权在渔业资源利用和海域划界中的作用都有所涉及。《公约》的相关规定主要体现在专属经济区的剩余可捕量分配和领海及专属经济区划界时包括历史性捕鱼权在内的历史性权利作为特殊/有关情况的效力。当然,法律规则是在不断发展变化的,在新的国际海洋法框架下,以及加强生物资源养护的大背景下,历史性捕鱼权的内涵同样发生了一些变化。这种变化主要体现在与专属经济区制度的协调上。总的来说,《公约》对历史性权利采取了回避的态度,相关规定比较模糊。可以说《公约》在历史性权利方面的规定存在严重缺失。《公约》未对历史性捕鱼权作出适当的、明确的安排,未能妥善解决沿海国的渔业管辖权和资源利用国之间的利益冲突,是《公约》的一个遗憾,为后来国际渔业纠纷频发埋下了一个隐患。历史性权利是长期使用形成的客观存在,涉及有关沿海国的利益和众多渔民及其家庭的生计,不能轻易剥夺。结合历史性捕鱼权的习惯国际法效力、《公约》的有关规定、沿海国和国际司法机构的实践,本文认为,历史性捕鱼权可作为专属经济区制度的重要补充,促进渔业资源的公正合理分配。沿海国在分配其专属经济区内的渔业资源时,尤其是在分配剩余可捕量时优先考虑历史性捕鱼权,优先准许国民惯常在其专属经济区内捕鱼的国家入渔。而且,历史性捕鱼活动应在海域划界中具有重要权重。
[Abstract]:Marine fishery is the leading marine industry, is one of the current and future periods of the development and utilization of marine biological resources. The main Fisheries seafood is the main source of food and nutrition, play an important role in the global food security. The fishery jurisdiction system deeply affect the evolution of early history of the international law of the sea. International marine legal system is on the scope of the exclusive jurisdiction over fisheries has launched.1982 "the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea on the coastal state (hereinafter referred to as the" Convention ") since the signing, countries of the world to marine resources as a strategic resource, the fishery resources conservation and utilization of fierce competition, the international regulation in this area is still the development of international law of the sea is the fastest, the most active part of the Convention". After the commencement of the development of China's marine fishery international and peripheral The situation was changed. The Convention has established the system of > two hundred nautical mile exclusive economic zone greatly expand the coastal states have exclusive jurisdiction on fishery resources including natural resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone fishing waters. 95% of the global ocean fishery from coastal States, so this system profoundly influence the allocation of global fishery resources. The history of the long-term practice of historical fishing rights had a profound influence, and even induce international fishery disputes. Academic circles about the historic fishing rights (also known as traditional fishing rights) there has been debate. Especially after the implementation of exclusive economic zone system, even some scholars believe that the "Convention" has "replaced" or even "denied" the historic fishing rights effect. However, it is because of dispute, deep reflection on historic fishing rights in theory is of great significance. Historic fishing rights Has great practical significance in our country. For a long time, Chinese fishermen used to in the East China Sea and South China Sea, the Yellow Sea is engaged in fishing activities in.1997--2000, China has with Japan, South Korea and Vietnam signed a new bilateral fisheries agreement. These design according to the EEZ fisheries agreement came into effect, China's traditional fishing grounds a substantial reduction in overcapacity contradiction offshore fishery and fishery resources decline intensified. From the longer term perspective, the system of two hundred mile exclusive economic zone after the implementation, China and North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam and other countries are maritime demarcation issues. Because of some traditional Chinese fishermen fishing grounds in North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, on one side of the country such as Philippines, historic fishing activities will inevitably be affected. Further analysis of the traditional fishing rights and the effectiveness of Its position in the exclusive economic zone, has very important practical significance for China and its neighboring countries in the utilization of fishery resources and maritime delimitation. The theoretical and practical significance of the research mainly includes: firstly, by law, the core task of this paper is to explore the system of modern international law, the law of the sea fishing rights in the history of leading < > under the Convention still has legal effect. Therefore, you need to answer two main questions: first, the historic fishing rights meets the customary international law and state practice law believe these two legal requirements; second, historic fishing rights and whether the Convention "established" exclusive economic zone system conflict. Secondly, in practice, this study focused on Chinese fishermen in the waters surrounding the historic fishing rights, is devoted to the discussion in "Convention" under the framework of historic fishing rights and exclusive economic zone system coordination, In order to fair and reasonable utilization of fishery resources, reduce fishery disputes surrounding waters. Thirdly, scholars of international law historic fishing rights validity issue has been controversial. This research tries to state practice comprehensively about historic fishing rights, by using the theory of customary international law, the status of customary international law on this rule, and put forward new ideas in China's fishing rights in the South China Sea in the intermittent line on the issue, hoping to contribute to the discussion. This paper uses comparative research and system research combining theory and practice, to explore from the customary international law or general principles of law of historic fishing rights in international law whether effective, and define the connotation and constituent elements and the scope of application. The research ideas for the development context combing the historic fishing rights, from the relevant conventions, agreements, the practice of coastal States, international The history of the traditional fishing rights and judicial precedents and other fields, especially the effect of historic fishing rights > < convention after the entry into force and related practice. The exclusive jurisdiction and the sustainable utilization of marine fishery resources in the international background of coastal fishery resources in the exclusive economic zone, this paper tries to make out how to maintain the traditional fishing activities the interests of fishermen's advice. The main content of this paper is divided into eight chapters. To explore the historic fishing rights in the generation and evolution of the historical context in the first chapter, the origin and basis to reveal this right. The second chapter discusses the historical relationship between fishing right and historic rights. The third chapter discusses the relationship between "Convention" and history fishing rights. The fourth chapter legal practice of historic fishing rights, the main content is combing and summarizing the law of the sea in the new system, the historic fishing rights of national practices and international judicial practice, To continue to explore the historic fishing rights in international law play a fundamental role in later chapters. The fifth chapter on the theory of customary international law, focuses on the rules of customary international law constitution theory of international law. The sixth chapter historic fishing rights, the main content is according to the rules of customary international law constitution theory, efficacy test historic fishing rights have customary international rules, and to discuss this right as customary rules and as the relationship between "Convention" treaty law. The seventh chapter in the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea as an example, discusses our country in the waters surrounding the historic fishing activities. Based on the above study, several policy suggestions are put forward to strengthen policy support, to maintain the continuity of historic fishing activities in China; to increase efforts to negotiate, for as much as possible into the fish share; strengthen academic research, to win the war and make legal warfare Solid foundation. According to the two elements of the rules of customary international law: state practice and legal certainty, examines the historic fishing rights have international custom elements that historic fishing rights has used the status of international law. Historic fishing is widely used in many countries is right in 1960s still, in many countries there, and to identify the international judicial institutions, mainly for the international treaty, the decision of the court and national legislation. These countries carry out practice mostly through treaties and domestic legislation in the form of legally binding to recognized historic fishing rights, that historic fishing customary international law the effectiveness of the right to have legal certainty elements. Visible, historic fishing rights still have international custom elements, is an international customary law. The historic fishing rights and the public " The relationship about >, contemporary international law of the sea in "Convention" as the main content does not deny the historic fishing rights. From the relevant provisions of the Convention > < < > visible, although the Convention does not make a historic fishing rights position clear, but aware of the traditional fishing rights and practical significance, in the specific provisions of the historic fishing rights in the delimitation and utilization of fishery resources and the role of sea has relevant provisions relating to the Convention. "Is mainly embodied in the exclusive economic zone of the remaining catch distribution and the territorial sea and the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone included historic fishing rights of historic rights as a special effect on / of course, the rule of law is constantly changing, in the international law of the sea under the new framework, and strengthen the conservation of the living resources of the background, connotation of historic fishing rights also changed. The main changes To reflect on the coordination and the system of exclusive economic zone. In general, "Convention" take an evasive attitude of historic rights, relevant provisions are vague. It can be said that the Convention in the history of < > rights provisions of the existence of serious deficiencies. Not on the Convention "historic fishing rights to make appropriate and clear arrangement, failed to properly resolve the coastal fisheries jurisdiction and resource utilization in the conflict between the interests, is a pity" Convention ", buried a hidden danger for the later international fishery disputes frequently. Historic rights exist long established, involving the coastal States and the interests of many fishermen and their families the living, can not be easily deprived. Combined with the historic fishing customary international law the legal effect of the relevant provisions of the Convention, < >, practice, coastal and international judicial institutions the historic fishing rights as the exclusive economic zone system An important supplement of, promote the rational allocation of fishery resources in the coastal state fair. The distribution of its EEZ fisheries resources, especially in the distribution of residual TACs gives priority to historic fishing rights, priority to allow national customary in its Exclusive Economic Zone fishing nation into fishing. Moreover, historic fishing activities should have an important weight in the sea.

【学位授予单位】：上海海洋大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D993.5

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