国际难民问题及我国相关立法研究

发布时间：2018-03-07 17:09

本文选题：难民保护　切入点：难民权利　出处：《广西师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：国际难民问题是困扰世界各国的一个重大难题。恐怖势力迅速扩张、地区冲突愈演愈烈、种族、宗教等老大难问题导致最近几年来难民问题更加突出。当国际难民如潮水般涌来,如何管理好难民的安置问题、如何保护好难民应有的权利,国际社会仍旧需要一个可行之策。难民问题之所以困扰世界各国,其原因各不一样。但当中最难被忽视的一点就是当今的国际难民保护制度存在着很多的问题,不仅仅是大家老生常谈的难民定义的范围狭窄,还包括制造难民的国家国际责任难以被追究;作为难民保护组织的联合国难民署保护能力难以满足需要等等问题。对这些问题不加以重视予以解决,势必就会导致国际难民保护的实际效果难达预期。本文试图通过对当前国际通行的难民保护条约及难民保护制度进行分析,发掘指出其中的不足并提出相应的解决对策,以期能对完善国际难民保护制度的完善和中国难民保护制度体系的建立有所助益。文章大致上分为五个部分对国际难民权利的法律保护进行了探讨。为了能够更为清晰的讨论本文的中心内容,文章的第一部分对难民问题进行了一个简单的概述,主要是对难民的概念进行了界定,即本文所指难民是严格按照1951年《关于难民地位的公约》、1967年《关于难民地位的议定书》以及相关国际条约定义的,并介绍了难民概念的一个发展历程。此外这一部分还对难民身份的界定、难民问题产生的原因及其现状进行了简单的介绍,为以后的讨论提供一定的铺垫。文章第二部分进一步开始分析国际难民应该享有的具体权利,对其中的入境权、居留权、自由行动权、工作权、财产权、受教育权进行了简要的介绍。随后列举了国际难民权利保护的法律依据,即主要包括国际人权法的法律文件、难民保护的专门国际公约、区域性的国际公约三个方面的法律文件。其中国际人权方面的法律文件主要是指《联合国章程》、《世界人权宣言》、《公民和政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会和文化权利公约》四个部分;专门的国际公约主要指《关于难民地位的公约》和《难民议定书》;区域性的国际公约则列举了非洲地区的《关于非洲难民问题某些特定方面的公约》和拉丁美洲的《卡塔赫纳宣言》。文章的第三部分是本文的重点部分。该部分首先指出了目前国际难民保护制度存在的不足,主要包括四个方面。第一,国际难民定义过于狭窄联合国难民署基于人道主义实施的一些救援活动因为缺乏法律依据,并无法获得主权国家的支持。第二,国际难民保护相关条约存在缺陷缺乏具体的程序性规定,不利于切实维护难民的基本权利。第三,联合国难民署的影响力有限这使得难民署很难调动国际社会的力量参与到难民的保护工作中,不利于难民署工作的顺利开展和世界难民问题的永久解决。第四,国际难民基本权利易受侵害。之后该部分从五个方面提出了解决上述问题的建议,主要包括扩大难民定义的范围、设立分门别类的难民保护机制、制定完善的难民保护程序、建立国家难民保护问责机制、将难民保护纳入国际人权保护体系。文章第四部分由对国际社会难民保护制度的反思转入对我国现有难民保护问题的讨论。首先介绍了我国难民保护具体实践的概况,列举了印支难民、缅甸果敢难民寻求我国庇护的事例。随后对目前我国难民保护方面的国内立法实践作了相关的介绍,并就我国在国际条约框架下对国际难民的入境权、居留权、自由行动权等权利的保护状况进行了一定的讨论。该部分最后指出了中国难民保护实践中存在国内专门法尚处于空白状态、难民身份甄别制度存在缺陷、没有明确的难民待遇标准三个主要问题。第五部分主要是对针对目前我国难民保护存在问题所提出的一些对策,主要包括五个方面。制定专门的《难民法》,为实践工作提供有效依据,切合实际保护寻求中国庇护的国际难民;制定难民认定标准的基本要求,难民定义是认定难民身份的主要依据和标准,是难民法必须明确的问题;制定合理有效的难民甄别程序,只有建立一个明确合理的难民甄别程序,难民法中规定的难民认定标准和难民待遇标准才能够得到有效遵守和执行;完善难民待遇标准;加强国际合作。
[Abstract]:The international refugee problem is a major problem that plagued the world. The rapid expansion of terrorist forces, regional conflicts intensified, racial, religious and other difficult issues in recent years the refugee problem is more prominent. When the international refugee tide, how to manage the resettlement of refugees, how to protect the rights of refugees, international society still needs a solution. The refugee problem is plagued the world, the reason is different. But one of the most difficult to be ignored is that the current international refugee protection system exists many problems, not only is the definition of the scope of all countries a commonplace talk of an old scholar narrow, international responsibility also includes creating refugees to be held; UNHCR protection as a refugee protection organization is difficult to meet the needs and so on. Do not attach importance to these problems to be resolved, It would lead to the actual effect of the international refugee protection difficult to reach expectations. This paper tries to carry on the current international treaties on the protection of refugees and refugee protection system analysis, explore and point out the deficiencies and puts forward corresponding countermeasures, in order to improve the international refugee protection system and establish a perfect protective system has China refugee protection system help. This paper is generally divided into five parts of the legal protection of the rights of refugees are discussed. In order to be more clear about the main content of this article, the first part of the article for a brief overview of the problem of refugees, mainly defines the concept of refugees, the article referred to the refugees is in strict accordance with the 1951 Convention on the status of refugees < >, < 1967 > Protocol relating to the status of refugees and relevant international treaties definition, and introduces the concept of a refugee A course of development. In addition, this part also defines the refugee status, introduced the reason and current situation of the refugee problem, discuss the future to provide some groundwork. The second part of the article further analysis of the specific rights of refugees should start to enjoy international, the right of entry, residence, freedom of action. The right to work, property rights, the right to education is briefly introduced. Then introduce the legal basis of international protection of the rights of refugees, which includes the legal documents of international human rights law, special International Convention on refugee protection, legal documents, three aspects of International Regional Convention. The international human rights law is the main file the United Nations Charter refers to < >, < > < the Universal Declaration of human rights, International Covenant on Civil and political rights "and" economic, social and cultural rights convention > four parts; a special international convention mainly refers to < off On the status of refugees Convention "and" protocol > International Convention on Refugees; regional lists third parts of Africa "on the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa and Latin America Convention > < Cartagena declaration. This is the key part of this paper. The first part points out the shortcomings of the international refugee protection system at present, mainly includes four aspects. First, the definition is too narrow for Refugees UNHCR on humanitarian relief activities implemented because of the lack of legal basis, and can not get the support of the national sovereignty. In second, the international refugee protection related treaty is lack of specific procedural requirements, not conducive to safeguarding the basic rights of refugees. Third, the influence is limited which makes the refugee agency UNHCR is difficult to mobilize social forces to participate in the international protection of refugees, not good A permanent solution in the smooth development of the work of UNHCR and the world refugee problem. In fourth, the International Refugee Rights are violated easily. After this part from five aspects put forward the suggestions to solve these problems, including expanding the scope of the definition of refugee, refugee protection system set up be arranged, making a perfect procedure of refugee protection, the establishment of national refugee protection accountability mechanism, will the protection of refugees into the international human rights protection system. The fourth part of the article by the reflection of the international refugee protection system to discuss the question of our country's existing refugee protection. Firstly introduced the general situation of the concrete practice of our country to protect refugees, lists the Indochinese refugees in China, Burma Kokang refugees seeking asylum. At present our country. Then to protect refugees in domestic legislation practice were introduced, and China in the international treaty framework on international refugee The right of entry, residence, protection of rights such as the right to freedom of action was discussed. The last part points out that there is still a blank of domestic law China refugee protection practice, refugee screening system defects, there is no clear standard for the treatment of refugees three major problems. The fifth part is mainly about some the proposed measures aiming at the problems of the protection of refugees in China, mainly including five aspects. To establish special "refugee law >, provide an effective basis for practical work, seek practical protection Chinese international refugee asylum; formulate basic requirements of refugee standards, refugees is defined as the main basis and criteria for refugee status that is the problem of refugee law must be clear; to develop reasonable and effective screening procedures, only to establish a clear and reasonable screening procedures prescribed by law in refugee refugee The criteria for identification and the treatment of refugee treatment can be effectively observed and implemented, and the standards for the treatment of refugees are improved and international cooperation is strengthened.

【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D998.2;D920.4

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