WTO视角下碳排放权分配的补贴问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-09 20:03

本文选题：碳排放权　切入点：初始分配制度　出处：《辽宁大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在环境问题日益严峻的今天,人类已经意识到了全球气候变暖所带来的种种危害。这些危害不单单会影响到我们生存的环境,更会影响到人类种族的延续。在这样一个背景之下,来自全世界范围内的192个国家共同签署了《联合国气候变化框架公约》,并加入了《京都议定书》,共同应对全球气候危机。《京都议定书》对其部分缔约国设定了强制性减排义务,即限定最高排放上限。因此,碳排放权配额这一新名词应运而生。目前被限以强制减排义务的国家,多选择在其国内建立以免费分配为主的碳排放权分配制度。通过无偿的方式将政府从《京都议定书》下继受的碳排放权分配给国内行业、企业。由于碳排放权常被欧美等发达国家分配给其本国的碳密集型出口企业,用于增强这些特定行业、企业在碳排放限额制度下尽可能减少受到的影响,并保持其在国际市场上的强劲竞争力。因此,这种无偿分配碳排放权的分配制度构成了WTO规则下的补贴。针对不同国家的实际情况,其分配所具体构成的补贴类型也不尽相同。澳大利亚的碳排放权分配构成了禁止性补贴,而欧盟和美国则构成了可诉性补贴。但是不得不承认,西方发达国家成熟的碳排放权分配制度及其完善的法律保障体系都是值得我们学习的。虽然中国目前并不需要承担《京都议定书》下的强制性减排义务,但是作为世界最大的发展中国家,中国不得不居安思危。现如今中国的碳排放权分配制度采用了西方发达国家的免费分配模式,不过仍处在起步阶段的中国碳排放权分配制度仍然存在很多问题,例如对碳排放权限额的规定不明确、相关法律体系不完善、分配的监管机制缺失等问题。因而,中国需要在不断地摸索中继续前进。尽管西方发达国家所采用的免费分配模式构成WTO规则下的补贴。但是基于中国的经济发展和自身利益考虑,仍然要坚持以无偿的碳排放权分配制度为主的分配模式。但同时仍需要通过确立以历史排放发放量作为免费碳排放配额的分配标准、建立碳排放权分配制度的三方监督机制、提高立法技术规避专项性风险等措施在多个方面降低构成补贴的风险。在不影响中国经济发展的前提下,积极减少温室气体的排放量、提高能源利用率,创建环境友好型社会。
[Abstract]:In today's increasingly serious environmental problems, mankind has been aware of the dangers of global warming. These hazards do not only affect the environment in which we live. Will affect the continuation of the human race. In such a context, 192 countries from around the world have signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change and joined the Kyoto Protocol to tackle the global climate crisis. The Kyoto Protocol imposes mandatory emission reduction obligations on some of its parties. Therefore, the new term "carbon emission quota" came into being. Countries that are currently limited to mandatory emission reduction obligations, Choose to establish a system of carbon emission rights allocation based on free distribution in their countries. The carbon emission rights that the government receives from the Kyoto Protocol will be allocated to the domestic industry in a free manner. Because carbon emission rights are often allocated to carbon-intensive export enterprises in developed countries, such as the United States and the United States, to enhance these specific industries, the impact on enterprises under the carbon emission cap system is minimized, And to maintain its strong competitiveness in the international market. Therefore, this allocation system of free allocation of carbon emissions constitutes a subsidy under the WTO rules. Australia's carbon emissions allocation constitutes a prohibited subsidy, while the European Union and the United States constitute actionable subsidies. The mature carbon emission rights allocation system and its perfect legal protection system in western developed countries are worthy of our learning. Although China does not need to undertake mandatory emission reduction obligations under the Kyoto Protocol at present, But as the world's largest developing country, China has to be vigilant. Today, China's carbon emissions allocation system is based on the free allocation model of the developed countries in the West. However, there are still many problems in China's carbon emission rights allocation system, which are still in its infancy. For example, the provisions on carbon emission rights limits are not clear, the relevant legal system is not perfect, and the regulatory mechanism for allocation is missing. China needs to keep on groping. Although the free distribution model adopted by the western developed countries constitutes a subsidy under the WTO rules, it is based on China's economic development and its own interests. But at the same time, we still need to establish the tripartite supervision mechanism of carbon emission right allocation system by establishing the allocation standard of free carbon emission quota with historical emission distribution as the standard. On the premise of not affecting China's economic development, we should actively reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve energy efficiency, and create an environment-friendly society.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D996.1;D996.9

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