论环境管理创新的法律进路

发布时间：2018-03-24 15:03

本文选题：环境管理　切入点：环境善治　出处：《武汉大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：环境问题在很大程度上是一种环境管理的问题，当今中国的环境危机，不仅是经济发展与环境保护相矛盾的危机，更是环境管理和权益分配不协调的危机。环境管理不善会加重环境的污染与破坏。20世纪70年代以来，各国政府在面临严重的经济和社会危机的压力之下开始反思国家对社会的“治理之道”，世界范围内掀起了治道变革的浪潮，其主要内容是强调政府职能的市场化、政府行为的法治化、政府决策的民主化、政府权力的多中心化。围绕政府治理范式形成的诸多理论中影响较大的是善治理论，它强调在政府与公民合作基础之上追求社会利益最大化，注重公共事务管理中公民集体价值的体现。这对我国环境管理创新有很大的启示。我国的环境管理经历了行政权力浓厚的“管制”阶段和公民环境权利弱化的“治理”阶段，正在迈向行政管理与公众参与相结合的环境“善治”阶段。以环境善治为目标的环境管理创新应当以法治与正当性、民主与参与度、公平与公信力以及效率与回应性作为价值评判标准。环境管理的创新应当促进环境管理主体从单一到多元的增加、环境管理视角从单向到双向的转变、环境管理结构从直控到制衡的互动，也就是建立环境行政管理与环境社会管理之间的互动合作关系。然而，这种合作关系的构建瓶颈在于双方地位悬殊，薄弱的社会力量尚不足以制约行政权力的滥用，并且实践中公众参与环境保护多流于形式。因此，在环境法治建设进程中可以运用环境社会权力来弥补被架空的环境权利，发挥环境社会权力的两重功能，即制约环境行政权力和维护环境公共利益。环境社会权力是在“国家-社会”的二元分化中产生的一种权力形态，是非政府组织、社会群体和公民以其拥有的社会资源对与环境相关的行为所产生的影响力。环境社会权力的运行有着不同于国家权力的规则，除了要有规范性的社会参与机制作为运行平台之外，还需要在环境法制建设中探索环境社会权力的运行方式：或通过行政分权的方式树立环境社会权力在法律中的一席之地，，或通过社会权力转移的方式加强环境行政权力的责任承担。另外，环境社会权力的运行目的主要是促进环境利益的公平配置，现阶段主要是抑止环境公共利益的异化，加强环境利益分配中的扶弱，充分运用环境社会权力的正义力量。
[Abstract]:The environmental problem is to a large extent an issue of environmental management. Today's environmental crisis in China is not only a crisis of contradiction between economic development and environmental protection. It is also a crisis of disharmony between environmental management and rights distribution. Environmental mismanagement will aggravate environmental pollution and damage. Since the 1970s, Under the pressure of the serious economic and social crisis, the governments of all countries began to reflect on the "way of governance" of the state to the society, and the tide of the reform of the governance way was set off in the world, the main content of which was to emphasize the marketization of the functions of the government. Among the many theories formed around the paradigm of government governance, such as the rule of law by law, the democratization of government decision-making and the multi-centralization of government power, the theory of good governance has a great influence. It emphasizes the pursuit of maximization of social benefits and the embodiment of the collective value of citizens in the management of public affairs on the basis of cooperation between the government and citizens, which has great implications for the innovation of environmental management in our country. The environmental management of our country has experienced the stage of "control" with strong administrative power and the stage of "governance" in which the environmental rights of citizens are weakened. The innovation of environmental management with the goal of environmental good governance should be based on the rule of law and legitimacy, democracy and participation. Fairness and credibility, efficiency and responsiveness are the criteria of value evaluation. The innovation of environmental management should promote the increase of environmental management subjects from single to pluralistic, and the change of environmental management perspective from one-way to bidirectional. The interaction of environmental management structure from direct control to balance is to establish an interactive and cooperative relationship between environmental administration and environmental and social management. The weak social power is not enough to restrict the abuse of administrative power, and in practice, public participation in environmental protection is a mere form.Therefore, the environmental social power can be used to make up for the environmental rights in the process of environmental legal construction. Exerting the dual functions of environmental social power, that is, restricting environmental administrative power and safeguarding environmental public interests. Environmental and social power is a form of power produced in the dualistic division of "state-society", and it is a non-governmental organization. The influence of social groups and citizens on environment-related behaviour with the social resources at their disposal. The functioning of environmental social power is different from the rules of State power, In addition to the normative mechanism of social participation as the operating platform, it is also necessary to explore the mode of operation of environmental and social power in the construction of environmental legal system: or to establish the space of environmental social power in the law through administrative decentralization. In addition, the purpose of environmental social power is to promote the fair allocation of environmental interests, and at the present stage, it is mainly to curb the alienation of environmental public interest. Strengthen the weak in the distribution of environmental benefits and make full use of the just power of environmental social power.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D996.9

【参考文献】