论遗传生物资源及其相关传统知识的保护

发布时间：2018-04-11 15:50

本文选题：生物多样性公约 + 名古屋议定书　；参考：《华东政法大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：传统知识作为人类重要的智力成果，蕴藏着巨大的文化价值和经济价值。随着生物技术的高度发展，对于遗传生物资源及相关传统知识的开发利用也达到了一个空前的高度。但是实践中“生物剽窃”现象也日趋严重，发达国家及其跨国企业利用利其优势的生物技术，无偿获取或以低于正常合理转让价值的方式把从发展中国家获得的遗传资源及相关传统知识研发成具有高度经济价值的专利产品，独享开发利用所得惠益，造成了遗传生物资源及其传统知识的拥有者、土著和地方社区的合法权益受到了严重的损害，生物资源大量流失。在国际立法保护的中，以《TRIPS协议》为首的现代知识产权制度，由于私权理论无法对传统知识进行全面保护，反而成为生物剽窃的“帮凶”，反观《生物多样性公约》，率先确立的事先知情同意原则和共同商定条件，利益分享原则，，为传统知识保护构建了一个获取与惠益共享的机制。本文第一章对于传统知识的概念、特征做了梳理，分别介绍了《生物多样性公约》、WIPO、WTO等公约和国际组织对于传统知识的界定。分析了传统知识相对于现代知识独有的特征。论文第二章从立法层面和实践层面介绍了对传统知识的保护现状。评价了WIPO、WTO以及其他组织对于传统知识保护的不足。指出实践中存在着大量“生物剽窃”现象，从根源上堵截该现象必须以《生物多样性公约》为切入口，协调《公约》和《TRIPS协议》之间的紧张关系。论文第三部分主要介绍了《生物多样性公约》对传统知识保护的传承和新发展。《生物多样性公约》创立了遗传生物资源及其相关传统知识的获取与惠益共享机制，确立了事先知情同意原则和利益分享原则。其最新达成的《名古屋议定书》进一步充实和强化了原有的获取和惠益共享机制，更细化了国际社会统一的实施标准，为传统知识的保护带来了新的发展。论文的最后一个部分侧重讨论为满足对传统知识保护的需要，建议修改《TRIPS协议》的必要性和可行性。并在吸收和借鉴《公约》和《议定书》基础上，提出了修改内容的合理化建议。协调《生物多样性公约》和《TRIPS协议》，对传统知识注重防御性保护，在专利申请阶段确保事先知情同意原则和共同商定条件的落实，在专利申请中披露遗传资源和相关传统知识的来源，在专利授予阶段履行《生物多样性公约》利益公平分享原则，形成一个完整的保护整体，提升对传统知识的保护水平。
[Abstract]:As an important intellectual achievement of human beings, traditional knowledge contains enormous cultural and economic value.With the development of biotechnology, the development and utilization of genetic biological resources and related traditional knowledge have reached an unprecedented height.However, in practice, the phenomenon of "biological plagiarism" is also becoming more and more serious. Developed countries and their multinationals take advantage of the advantages of biotechnology.Acquiring or developing, on a non-reimbursable basis or in a manner below the normal and reasonable transfer value, genetic resources and related traditional knowledge obtained from developing countries into patented products of high economic value and benefiting exclusively from exploitation and utilization,This has caused serious damage to the legitimate rights and interests of the owners of genetic biological resources and their traditional knowledge, indigenous and local communities, and the massive loss of biological resources.In the protection of international legislation, the modern intellectual property system, headed by the "TRIPS Agreement", has become an accomplice in biological plagiarism because the private right theory is unable to fully protect traditional knowledge.In contrast, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the principle of prior informed consent and mutually agreed conditions, and the principle of benefit-sharing, have established a mechanism of access and benefit-sharing for the protection of traditional knowledge.In the first chapter of this paper, the concept and characteristics of traditional knowledge are combed, and the definition of traditional knowledge is introduced, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and other conventions such as WTO, and the definition of traditional knowledge by international organizations.The unique characteristics of traditional knowledge relative to modern knowledge are analyzed.The second chapter introduces the current situation of the protection of traditional knowledge from the aspect of legislation and practice.The shortcomings of WTO and other organizations in the protection of traditional knowledge are evaluated.The third part of the paper mainly introduces the heritage and new development of the Convention on Biological Diversity on the protection of traditional knowledge. The Convention on Biological Diversity establishes the mechanism of access and benefit-sharing of genetic biological resources and their related traditional knowledge.The principle of prior informed consent and the principle of benefit sharing have been established.Its latest Nagoya Protocol further enriches and strengthens the existing mechanism of access and benefit-sharing, further refines the unified implementation standards of the international community, and brings new development to the protection of traditional knowledge.The last part of the paper focuses on the necessity and feasibility of modifying TRIPS Protocol to meet the need of protecting traditional knowledge.On the basis of absorbing and drawing lessons from the Convention and Protocol, the paper puts forward some reasonable suggestions for revising the contents.Coordinating the Convention on Biological Diversity and the TRIPS Agreement, focusing on defensive protection of traditional knowledge and ensuring the implementation of the principle of prior informed consent and mutually agreed conditions at the patent application stage,To disclose the sources of genetic resources and related traditional knowledge in patent application, to fulfill the principle of fair sharing of benefits under the Convention on Biological Diversity during the patent granting stage, to form a complete whole of protection and to enhance the level of protection of traditional knowledge.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D997.1

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