海洋石油开发油污损害中的国家赔偿责任探究

发布时间：2018-04-16 10:06

本文选题：海洋石油开发 + 海洋石油污染　；参考：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：海洋石油勘探开发已逐步成为能源获取的主要途径,而频繁的开采会引发油井溢油等问题,造成海洋环境污染。加之海洋流动性强,污染会向全球扩散,并造成他国海洋环境污染。由此,“国家开发其资源并不致他国损害”的国际法原则便遭到破坏,国家赔偿责任就可能随之而来。关于海洋石油开发中的国家赔偿责任,国际社会至今没有一部统一的法律文件。然而,《联合国海洋法公约》和《国际法未加禁止之行为引起有害后果之国际责任草案》等已将国家赔偿责任基本思路展现出来。尽管有些文件尚未生效,但其中的制度设计和规则安排,对研究海洋石油开发中的国家赔偿责任具有巨大意义。为了应对海洋石油污染,我国已经开发围油栅、撇油器等设备,说明海洋石油污染已逐步受到国家重视。截至2009年,中国渤海、南海海区油气平台共200多个。但南海被称为“第二个波斯湾”,未来将会建设大量钻井平台。可以预测,海洋油气勘探是我国未来石油天然气开发重点,而大规模石油开发势必会对海洋环境产生影响。同时,一旦漏油事故在1000米至2000米水深发生,目前全球还没有成熟的技术可以解决。这意味着,如果发生泄漏事故,我国很可能无法控制。当因此而发生损害邻国环境安全的事件,我国很可能被主张国家赔偿责任。特别在南海,石油污染事故很可能成为东南亚国家向我国施以不善措施的借口。因此,研究海洋石油开发中的国家赔偿责任,对我国海洋发展规划具有防患于未然的现实意义。本文立足于海洋石油污染现状,从石油污染国家赔偿责任的性质、特点等方面出发,分析国家赔偿责任得以成立的基础。同时,依据现有国际法文件,对国家赔偿责任成立的基础进行梳理,以求对海洋石油污染中的国家赔偿责任有较好把握。文章分为四个部分: 第一部分,对海洋石油污染现状予以归纳,通过对数据材料和案例的分析,突出海洋石油污染的严重性,进一步说明研究的客观性和必要性。第二部分,着重对海洋油污损害国家责任进行分析。该部分沿着“传统国家责任——新型国家责任”的脉络,逐渐将研究对象引出。在“新型国家责任”中,重点阐述其中的海洋油污损害国家赔偿责任。同时,从其概念、性质以及特征等角度,详细分析海洋石油开发环境污染中的国家责任,为下文论述作好铺垫。第三部分,承接第二部分,在国际法学理论和国际立法实践层面,寻求海洋石油开发环境污染国家赔偿责任的依据,从而总结出该类国家赔偿责任成立的合理性。第四部分,总结。国家赔偿责任作为传统国家责任制度的补充,在由合法活动引发的国际性环境污染问题中非常重要。海洋石油开发中的国家赔偿责任,从责任的层面保障了国际环境安全,使海洋环境在石油开采等高度危险活动中依然得以良好保护。
[Abstract]:Offshore oil exploration and development has gradually become the main way to obtain energy, and frequent exploitation will lead to oil spills and other problems, resulting in marine environmental pollution.Combined with the strong mobility of the ocean, pollution will spread to the world and cause pollution to the marine environment of other countries.As a result, the principle of international law that states exploit their resources without harming other countries is undermined, and State liability may follow.The international community does not have a uniform legal document on national liability in offshore oil development.However, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the draft International liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law have shown the basic thinking of State liability.Although some documents have not yet entered into force, the institutional design and rules are of great significance to the study of national liability in offshore oil development.In order to deal with the pollution of offshore oil, China has developed oil grating, skimming equipment and so on, which shows that the pollution of offshore oil has been paid more and more attention by the state.Up to 2009, China Bohai Sea, South China Sea oil and gas platforms a total of more than 200.But the South China Sea is known as the second Persian Gulf, and will build a large number of drilling platforms in the future.It can be predicted that offshore oil and gas exploration is the key point of future oil and gas development in China, and large-scale oil exploitation will inevitably have an impact on the marine environment.At the same time, once the oil spill occurs between 1000 meters and 2000 meters deep, there is no mature technology around the world.This means that in the event of a leak, the country is likely to be out of control.When the damage to the environmental security of neighboring countries occurs, our country is likely to be claimed for national liability.Especially in the South China Sea, oil pollution accidents are likely to be an excuse for Southeast Asian countries to impose improper measures on China.Therefore, it is of practical significance to study the national liability in the development of offshore oil for China's marine development planning.Based on the present situation of offshore oil pollution and the nature and characteristics of national liability for oil pollution, this paper analyzes the foundation of the establishment of national liability for compensation.At the same time, according to the existing international law documents, the foundation of the establishment of the national liability is combed in order to have a better grasp of the national liability in the marine oil pollution.The article is divided into four parts:In the first part, the present situation of offshore oil pollution is summarized. Through the analysis of data materials and cases, the seriousness of offshore oil pollution is highlighted, and the objectivity and necessity of the research are further explained.The second part focuses on the analysis of national liability for marine oil pollution damage.In this part, the research object is gradually drawn from the context of "traditional state responsibility-new state responsibility".In New State responsibility, the state liability for marine oil pollution damage is emphasized.At the same time, from the point of view of its concept, nature and characteristics, this paper analyzes in detail the responsibility of the state in the environmental pollution of offshore oil development, so as to pave the way for the following discussion.The third part, to undertake the second part, in the international legal theory and the international legislation practice level, seeks the foundation of the national liability for the pollution of the environment pollution of the offshore oil development, thus summarizes the rationality of this kind of national liability.The fourth part, summary.As a supplement of the traditional state liability system, state liability is very important in the international environmental pollution caused by legal activities.The national liability in offshore oil exploitation ensures the international environmental security from the level of liability, so that the marine environment can still be well protected in highly dangerous activities such as oil exploitation.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D992;D996.9

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