非违法之诉的历史渊源与实际运用

发布时间：2018-04-20 21:24

本文选题：非违法之诉 + 历史渊源　；参考：《吉林大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：非违法之诉是WTO/GATT争端解决机制中的重要组成,是维护GATT/WTO框架下双边或多边贸易谈判成果的有效机制之一。非违法之诉孕育于早期的国际联盟时代,历经GATT时期的探索和WTO时期的完善。非违法之诉的产生和形成,体现的了近代国际社会一直致力于寻求建立以规则为导向的国际贸易体制,而它的进一步发展和广泛运用,也在促进着国际贸易争端解决机制的发展和完善。本文以非违法之诉的历史渊源和实际运用为切入点,对这一特殊的争端解决手段进行考量。本文第一部分是对非违法之诉的历史渊源考量。根据非违法之诉发展历史的阶段性特征,文中从五个方面阐述了非违法之诉的历史渊源：一是,非违法之诉的雏形——国联时代的“衡平待遇条款”,该条款适用于缔约方所采取的措施并没有违反条约规定的情形,并且该条款提出了对条约目标“丧失或减损”的概念；二是,20世纪30-40年代双边贸易协定中出现的“非违法之诉”条款,其中的规定已经与之后的非违法之诉非常类似；三是,国际贸易组织宪章草案中拟定的非违法之诉条款,草案中的相关文本表述臻于成熟并且获得了各国代表的认可；四是,GATT1947中的非违法之诉条款,GATT1947第23条第1款(b)项对非违法之诉的文本规定沿用至今,非违法之诉在GATT时代开始真正的被运用到实务中；五是,WTO体系中的非违法之诉,非违法之诉开始有了具体的程序规则,其适用领域也从货物领域扩大到WTO相关的其他贸易领域。本文第二部分结合案例阐述了非违法之诉的构成要件以及在实务中的运用。由于GATT第23条第1款(b)项的条文表述中,并没有对其非违法之诉的构成要件进行明确具体的阐述和说明,在实际运用中,非违法之诉的构成要件借助相关案例中成员方的适用以及专家组的解读逐渐明确。本文在立足于非违法之诉构成要件文本涵义的基础上,结合相关案例的专家组报告,具体分析了非违法之诉的三个构成要件：1、一方实施不违反协定的措施；2、申诉方依据协议享有直接或间接的利益；3、申诉方的利益因上述措施遭受丧失或减损。本文第三部分阐述了非违法之诉的程序规则。WTO之前,非违法之诉一直没有具体的程序规则。关于非违法之诉程序规则的系统规定,是出现在乌拉圭回合谈判成果之一的《关于争端解决规则及程序的谅解》(DSU)之中。本文结合DSU第26条第1款规定,具体分析了非违法之诉的举证责任以及法律后果。实务运用中,违法之诉与非违法之诉在少数情况下会同时出现在同一争端案例中。本文结合1991年欧共体油菜籽案,分析当非违法之诉与违法之诉出现在同一案件中的审理顺序问题。本文第四部分着重于非违法之诉扩大适用的实践问题。在WTO体制下,非违法之诉的适用开始从传统的货物贸易领域扩展到WTO相关的其他贸易领域。由于非违法之诉长久以来集中适用于货物贸易领域,其在WTO框架内其它领域的适用还需要一个长期的探索和磨合阶段。本文选取非违法之诉在服务贸易领域以及与贸易有关的知识产权领域中存在的适用争议展开探讨。
[Abstract]:Non illegal action is an important component of the WTO/GATT dispute settlement mechanism. It is one of the effective mechanisms to maintain the results of bilateral or multilateral trade negotiations under the framework of GATT/WTO. The non illegal action is conceived in the early international alliance period, through the exploration of the period of GATT and the perfection of the period of WTO. The international community has been committed to the establishment of a rule oriented international trade system, and its further development and extensive use also promote the development and improvement of the settlement mechanism of international trade disputes. This article takes the historical origin and practical application of non illegal action as the breakthrough point to consider the special means of settlement of the dispute.
The first part of this article is the historical origin of non illegal action. According to the stage characteristics of the development history of non illegal action, the historical origin of non illegal action is expounded from five aspects: first, the embryonic form of non illegal action, the "equitable treatment clause" in the era of National Federation, is applicable to the measures taken by the parties. There is no violation of the provisions of the treaty and the provision of the concept of "loss or derogation" of the target of the treaty; two is the "non illegal action" clause in the bilateral trade agreement of the twentieth Century 30-40, which has been very similar to the subsequent non illegal action; three is the draft of the draft charter of the international trade organization. In the non illegal clause, the text in the draft is expressed as mature and recognized by the representatives of various countries; four, the non illegal clause in GATT1947, the text of the twenty-third article first (b) of the twenty-third article of the non illegal action has been used to the present, and the non illegal action has been truly applied to the practice in the era of GATT; five It is, the non illegal action in the WTO system, the non illegal action began to have specific procedural rules, and its application fields have also been expanded from the field of goods to other trade areas related to WTO.
The second part of this paper expounds the elements of non illegal action and its application in practice. Because of the provisions in the provisions of item twenty-third of GATT and first (b), there is no clear and detailed description and explanation of the constitutive requirements of the non illegal action. In the actual application, the elements of non illegal action are used in the relevant cases. The application of the members and the interpretation of the expert group are gradually clear. On the basis of the text meaning of the constitutive requirements of non illegal action, this paper analyzes the three components of the non illegal action on the basis of the report of the expert group of relevant cases: 1, the one party does not violate the agreement; and 2, the complainant enjoys direct or inter agreement according to the agreement. 3, the interests of the complainants are lost or deroged from the above measures.
The third part of this paper states that before the procedural rules of non illegal proceedings.WTO, the non illegal action has no specific procedural rules. The systematic provisions on the rules of non illegal proceedings are in the understanding of the rules and procedures for settlement of disputes (DSU), which appeared in one of the results of the Uruguay round negotiation. This article is combined with the twenty-sixth article of DSU first. The article analyzes the burden of proof and the legal consequences of non illegal action. In practical application, illegal and non illegal action will appear in the same case at the same time in a few cases. This article analyzes the order of the 1991 European Community rapeseed in the same case when the non illegal and illegal actions appear in the same case. Problem.
The fourth part of this article focuses on the practical problem of expanding the application of non illegal action. Under the WTO system, the application of non illegal action begins to expand from the traditional field of goods trade to other trade areas related to WTO. Because non illegal action has long been applied in the field of goods trade, its application in other fields in the WTO framework is still necessary. For a long period of exploration and development, this paper discusses the applicable disputes in the field of trade in services and the field of trade related intellectual property rights.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996.1

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