联合国与儿童司法的发展研究

发布时间：2018-04-24 02:08

本文选题：儿童司法 + 少年司法　；参考：《国际关系学院》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：儿童司法（justice for children），包括专门用于触法儿童、儿童被害人和证人的司法体系，属于儿童权利保护领域。国际社会已经陆续通过立法对儿童司法加以规范与完善。其中，联合国以法治为其使命的核心，通过其倡导的儿童司法办法（approach to justice for children）在世界范围的推广、建立与促进，不断将儿童司法推向前进，以实现儿童权利在司法上的有效保护。但由于目前对儿童司法的研究集中于少年司法制度的探讨，而联合国是如何发展、推进这些制度的构建的现实问题却鲜有人研究。抑或有涉及，也并未理清其中的体系框架，分析新近发展的规定与实践。因此，探讨联合国如何推进儿童司法对完善儿童司法制度、保障儿童权利，特别是我国儿童司法的构建都将有重要的理论与现实意义。基于此，本论文是国内首次正式较系统地以“儿童司法”为主题进行的研究，依托联合国详实的法律文件和资料，站在联合国法治战略层面，全面阐述联合国所推行的儿童司法主要制度特点和框架措施，分析联合国在推进儿童司法制度建设方面的新近发展，这是本文创新所在。内容上，本文是通过以下基本思路层层展开：（1）儿童司法是什么；（2）儿童司法如何推行；（3）儿童司法的推行有何影响。分为四章加以阐释。首先，第一章论述了儿童司法的基本概念，在通过对诸多联合国文件的回顾，得出儿童司法的定义。并根据联合国相关文件，认为儿童司法的主要原则包括儿童最大利益原则，公正与平等待遇以免受歧视原则，发表意见权原则，免受虐待、剥削与暴力原则，尊严原则，，法律保护原则，预防触法原则，严格限制剥夺自由原则，坚持法治原则9项原则。第二章分析了儿童司法的主要内容，包括触法儿童的少年司法制度和儿童被害人和证人的司法系统。前者的核心内容有预防少年犯罪、干预措施、触法年龄、公正审理、司法措施和剥夺自由6项。后者主要基于尊严、免受歧视、儿童最大利益原则和参与权的原则。这两章解决的是“儿童司法是什么”的问题。其次，第三章是通过分析联合国儿童司法办法的框架，理清了联合国系统内负责儿童司法的相关机构的权属与功能，研究了各自间的联系，这些构成了联合国推行儿童司法的机制。该部分解决了“儿童司法如何推行”的问题。最后，第四章指出在立法和实践方面我国初步构建了少年司法制度。鉴于联合国为儿童司法设立了一系列行之有效的儿童司法国际标准和规范，并不断为推动儿童司法改革进行不懈的努力，我国有必要实质性地汲取联合国的经验，加强与联合国系统地合作，以推动我国的儿童司法进程。该章节解决了“儿童司法的推行有何影响”的问题。因此，可以得出，第一，在新发展的儿童被害人和证人制度上，目前还只停留在经社理事会通过的决议的指导阶段，但规范文件的效力有限，也并未有更为具体措施的指引。第二，在儿童司法的推行中，作为联合国系统的重要组成部分的联合国相关实体机构，加强彼此间的协同一致的合作显得尤为重要。除了各自处理儿童司法问题的需要外，联合国通过协调机构来促进各实体的协作。第三，我国目前的儿童司法还处于初级发展阶段，为加强司法改革，促进法治，增强与联合国的合作，实现儿童司法与国际标准和规范的接轨已显得重要且迫切。
[Abstract]:Justice for children, including the judicial system specially used to touch the law children, children victims and witnesses, belongs to the protection of children's rights. The international community has passed legislation to standardize and improve children's judicature. The United Nations is the core of its mission, and the child judicial approach (appro) advocated by the United Nations. ACh to justice for children) in the world wide promotion, establishment and promotion, continue to push forward children's justice, in order to achieve the effective protection of children's rights in the judiciary.
But since the present study of children's justice is focused on the discussion of the juvenile justice system, and how the United Nations is developing, the practical problems of promoting the construction of these systems are rarely studied. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to perfect the children's judicial system and to guarantee the rights of children, especially the construction of children's judicature in China. Based on this, this paper is the first and systematic study on the theme of "children's judicature" in China, relying on the detailed legal documents and materials of the United Nations to stand in the United Nations rule of law strategy. At the level, the main system features and framework measures of the United Nations Children's justice are fully expounded, and the recent development of the United Nations in promoting the construction of the children's judicial system is analyzed. This is the innovation of this article.
Content, this article is through the following basic ideas: (1) what is children's judicature; (2) how to carry out children's judicature; (3) the impact of the implementation of children's judicature. It is divided into four chapters.
First, the first chapter discusses the basic concept of children's justice. Through a review of many United Nations documents, the definition of children's justice is drawn. And according to the relevant United Nations documents, the main principles of children's justice include the principle of the best interests of children, justice and equal treatment in order to avoid discrimination, the principle of the right to opinion, and the protection from abuse, The principle of exploitation and violence, the principle of dignity, the principle of protection of law, the prevention of the principle of touching the law, the strict restriction of the principle of deprivation of freedom and the adherence to the 9 Principles of the principle of rule of law. The second chapter analyses the main contents of children's judicature, including the juvenile justice system of children who touch the law and the judicial system of the victims and the witnesses. Crime, intervention, legal age, fair trial, judicial measures and deprivation of freedom are 6. The latter is mainly based on dignity, exempt from discrimination, the principle of the best interests of children and the principle of participation. The two chapters solve the problem of "what is the justice of children".
Secondly, the third chapter, through the analysis of the framework of the United Nations Children's judicial approach, clarifies the ownership and function of the relevant institutions responsible for children's justice in the United Nations system and studies the relations between them, which constitute the mechanism for the implementation of children's justice in the United Nations. This part has solved the problem of "how to carry out children's justice".
Finally, the fourth chapter points out that the juvenile justice system has been preliminarily established in China's legislation and practice. In view of the establishment of a series of effective international standards and norms for children's judicature for children's justice and continuous efforts to promote the reform of children's judiciary, it is necessary for our country to absorb the experience of the United Nations and strengthen the experience of the United Nations in a substantial way. Working with the United Nations system to promote the judicial process of children in China, this chapter solves the problem of "how the child justice is implemented".
Therefore, it can be concluded that, first, in the newly developed child victim and witness system, it is still only in the guidance phase of the resolution adopted by the economic and Social Council, but the effectiveness of the normative documents is limited and there is no guidance for more specific measures. Second, in the implementation of children's justice, it is an important part of the United Nations system. It is particularly important to strengthen cooperation and cooperation among the relevant entities of the United Nations. In addition to their respective needs for dealing with children's judicial issues, the United Nations promotes cooperation between the entities through coordination agencies. Third, our current child justice is still in the primary stage of development, in order to strengthen judicial reform, promote the rule of law, strengthen and unite. It is important and urgent for the cooperation between the two countries to achieve the integration of children's justice with international standards and norms.

【学位授予单位】：国际关系学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D998.2

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