WTO框架下可再生能源补贴措施的理论与实证研究—兼论对我国应对可再生能源补贴争端的启示

发布时间：2018-04-25 18:14

本文选题：可再生能源补贴 + SCM协定　；参考：《郑州大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：2015年召开的巴黎大会,再次将人们的目光聚焦在气候变化问题上。在此之前,世界各国已经为应对气候恶化,全球变暖等环境问题作出许多努力,也形成了应对气候变化的诸多措施。《巴黎协定》标志着全球气候变化治理进入了一个新时期,可再生能源即将取代传统化石能源,成为越来越多国家的选择。为了国内可再生能源产业的发展,增强国家在可再生能源产业的国际竞争力,各国通常会对本国可再生能源采取补贴措施,这些措施可能会违反WTO项下的《补贴与反补贴措施协定》(Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures,ASCM),引发可再生能源国际贸易争端。研究好可再生能源补贴措施与相关理论的关系,可以帮助我国免受此类争端的困扰,同时也能为我国的可再生能源补贴寻求新的出路。本文采用理论分析和实证分析相结合的方法,兼采比较分析方法,分五部分来阐述问题。第一部分,可再生能源补贴措施概述。对可再生能源的概念和可再生能源补贴措施进行基本介绍,目的是让我们了解什么是可再生能源,为什么要发展可再生能源以及发展可再生能源都有哪些措施,并指出这些措施可能与WTO补贴规则存在冲突。第二部分,主要国家和地区的可再生能源补贴措施。从立法措施和财政补贴政策两方面阐述美国、加拿大和欧盟的可再生能源补贴政策。经过研究总结发现这些国家可再生能源补贴措施存在着一些共同点,对我国的可再生能源补贴措施有一定的启示作用。第三部分,可再生能源补贴措施的理论分析。主要论述了SCM协定中补贴的定义和分类。对GATT 1994第20条进行解释,并分析了可再生能源补贴措施适用一般例外条款的可能性。其次,论述了SCM协定中补贴的认定标准,主要从财政资助和授予利益两方面进行认定。这也是此类争端争议的焦点问题。最后,分析《巴黎协定》下可再生能源补贴的必要性。研究好理论部分可以为我国可再生能源补贴找到理论依据,尽量避免出现违背WTO规则的情形。第四部分,可再生能源补贴措施的实证分析。本部分选取三个具有代表性的可再生能源补贴贸易争端案例,分别是加拿大可再生能源案、欧盟对华光伏案、中美风电设备补贴争端案。首先分别对案例进行简单介绍,其次分析双方争议焦点问题,这些案件的争议焦点有二:一是是否存在出口补贴或进口替代补贴;二是“当地成分”是否违反SCM协定的规定。最后通过案例发现WTO有许多规则存在漏洞和不足,需要加以完善。第五部分,WTO框架下我国可再生能源贸易争端的解决路径。结合上文中可再生能源补贴措施与WTO规则存在的冲突及WTO有关规则的完善建议,并借鉴其他国家可再生能源补贴措施的经验,从中国政府和企业两方面阐述我国可再生能源贸易争端的解决路径。
[Abstract]:The Paris Conference, held in 2015, once again focused on climate change. Before this, countries around the world had made many efforts to deal with environmental problems such as climate deterioration and global warming, and had also formed many measures to deal with climate change. The Paris Agreement marked a new era in the governance of global climate change. Renewable energy will replace traditional fossil energy and become the choice of more and more countries. In order to develop the domestic renewable energy industry and enhance the international competitiveness of the country in the renewable energy industry, countries usually take subsidies to their own renewable energy sources. The measures could violate the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing measures and trigger a dispute over international trade in renewable energy. To study the relationship between renewable energy subsidy measures and related theories can help our country avoid such disputes and find a new way out for our renewable energy subsidies at the same time. This paper adopts the method of combining theoretical analysis and empirical analysis, and adopts the method of comparative analysis, which is divided into five parts to explain the problem. The first part is an overview of renewable energy subsidy measures. A basic introduction to the concept of renewable energy and renewable energy subsidies, with a view to giving us an idea of what renewable energy is, why renewable energy is to be developed and what measures are in place to develop renewable energy, It also points out that these measures may conflict with the WTO subsidy rules. The second part, the main countries and regions of renewable energy subsidies. This paper expounds the renewable energy subsidy policies of the United States, Canada and the European Union from the aspects of legislative measures and fiscal subsidy policies. It is found that there are some common points in the renewable energy subsidy measures in these countries, which can enlighten the renewable energy subsidy measures in China. The third part is the theoretical analysis of renewable energy subsidy measures. This paper mainly discusses the definition and classification of subsidy in SCM agreement. The article 20 of GATT 1994 is interpreted and the possibility of applying general exception clause to renewable energy subsidy measures is analyzed. Secondly, it discusses the standard of subsidy in SCM agreement, mainly from two aspects: financial aid and granting benefit. This is also the focus of such disputes. Finally, the necessity of renewable energy subsidies under the Paris Agreement is analyzed. The study of the theory can provide a theoretical basis for the subsidy of renewable energy in China and avoid the violation of WTO rules as far as possible. The fourth part, the empirical analysis of renewable energy subsidy measures. This part selects three representative cases of renewable energy subsidy trade dispute, namely Canada renewable energy case, EU case on Huaguang volley, Sino-US wind power equipment subsidy dispute case. Firstly, this paper introduces the cases briefly, then analyzes the dispute focus of the two sides. The focus of these cases is whether there are export subsidies or import substitution subsidies, and whether the "local components" violate the provisions of the SCM Agreement. Finally, it is found that there are many loopholes and deficiencies in WTO rules, which need to be perfected. The fifth part is the way to solve the trade dispute of renewable energy in China under WTO framework. Considering the conflict between the renewable energy subsidy measures and the WTO rules as well as the suggestions of improving the relevant rules of the WTO, and drawing lessons from the experiences of other countries on the renewable energy subsidy measures, This paper expounds the ways to solve the trade dispute of renewable energy in China from the two aspects of Chinese government and enterprises.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D996.1

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