WTO框架下特别保障措施制度研究

发布时间：2018-04-27 07:21

本文选题：保障措施 + 特保制度　；参考：《山东大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：WTO允许成员方在进口不断增加将导致国内产业出现市场混乱时,可以实施一个保障行动以保护国内特定的产业,即保障措施,该措施被当作成员国开放市场的“安全阀”制度。各国有权依据其相关国内法规则采取保障措施。《中华人民共和国加入WTO议定书》第16条规定：中国产品在出口有关WTO成员国时,如果数量增加幅度过大,以至于对这些成员的相关产业造成“严重损害”或构成“严重损害威胁”时,那么这些WTO成员方可单短针对中国产品采取保障措施。特保措施作为贸易自由化的例外,同时也是各国保护国内相关产业,推行贸易保护主义的盾牌。我国出口产品生产成本相对低廉,入世后出口产品又能较全面的享受多边关税减让,因此许多西方国家针对中国往往采取保障措施调查或特保措施。近年来,美国、欧盟等我国主要出口市场还出现了这样一种趋势,即当找不到合适的理由实施贸易壁垒或“两反”措施时,就会转求助于特保条款,针对我国出口产品的特保案件数量也是持续攀升。 2008年由美国金融海啸引起的全球金融危机使得新贸易保护主义之风又愈演愈烈之势,我国作为对出口依赖性较大的发展中国家深受其害。2009年9月11日,美国总统奥巴马宣布对从中国进口的所有小轿车和轻型卡车轮胎征收为期三年的惩罚性关税,这是美国第一次运用“特保条款”对中国产品征收惩罚性关税。此后,巴西、阿根廷、印度也开始对中国的汽车轮胎进了保障措施调查;而在美国国内,钢铁、服装纺织品、鞋类等行业也跃跃欲试地开始收集材料,意图对中国的相关产品发起调查。实践清楚地表明,针对中国的特保措施已成为关系中国对外贸易发展的一个焦点问题。因此,对WTO特保措施制度进行分析研究有重要的理论意义和现实意义。在目前的国际形势下,中国必须加强对保障措施规则的研究和运用,以防止和避免其他WTO成员通过滥用保障措施调查或特保措施,不合理地限制和剥夺中国按照WTO规则所应享有的合法权益,以此来保护本国的相关产业和企业的利益,这也是本文研究目的和意义之所在。本文的总体研究过程和思路是,首先回顾了特别保障措施的历史来源和演变,及特别保障措施最初适用。其次在分别阐述WTO一般保障措施和特别保障措施的基本内容的基础上,分析了特别保障措施与WTO一般保障措施的区别,进而详细阐述了WTO框架下特保措施的适用及有关报复机制的规定。随后着重分析了中国与WTO框架下的特保措施制度,尤其是美国对华特保措施有关规则与实施。再次,回顾了中美轮胎特保案的历程,探讨本案涉及的法律问题,并对此案作出了评析。最后一部分从中国政府和相关产业两个角度提出了应对特保措施的建议。
[Abstract]:The WTO allows members to implement a safeguard action to protect specific domestic industries, that is, safeguard measures, when increasing imports will lead to market chaos in domestic industries, which is regarded as a "safety valve" system for member countries to open their markets. Article 16 of the Protocol on the accession of the people's Republic of China to the WTO provides that: when exporting Chinese products to the relevant WTO member States, the increase in quantity is excessive, If they cause "serious damage" or "serious damage threat" to the relevant industries of these members, then these WTO members can only take safeguard measures against Chinese products for a short time. As an exception to trade liberalization, special safeguard measures are also a shield for countries to protect domestic related industries and promote trade protectionism. The production cost of China's export products is relatively low, and after China's accession to the WTO, the export products can enjoy multilateral tariff concessions in an all-round way. Therefore, many western countries often take protective measures or special measures against China. In recent years, China's major export markets, such as the United States and the European Union, have also shown a tendency to turn to special protection clauses when there is no suitable reason to implement trade barriers or "two negative" measures. The number of special protection cases against China's export products is also rising. The global financial crisis caused by the US financial tsunami in 2008 has intensified the trend of new trade protectionism. China, as a developing country that relies heavily on exports, suffered greatly. September 11, 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama has announced a three-year punitive tariff on all cars and light truck tyres imported from China, the first time the United States has applied a "special safeguard clause" to impose punitive tariffs on Chinese products. Since then, Brazil, Argentina and India have also begun to investigate China's car tires into safeguards. In the United States, industries such as steel, clothing, textiles, footwear and other industries are eager to start collecting materials. With intent to initiate an investigation into China's related products. The practice clearly shows that the special safeguard measures against China have become a focal point in the development of China's foreign trade. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to analyze and study the WTO safeguard system. In the current international situation, China must strengthen the research and application of safeguards rules in order to prevent and prevent other WTO members from investigating or using special safeguard measures through abuse of safeguards. Unreasonable restriction and deprivation of China's legitimate rights and interests in accordance with the WTO rules to protect the interests of its related industries and enterprises is also the purpose and significance of this study. The overall research process and thought of this paper are: firstly, the historical origin and evolution of special safeguard measures and the initial application of special safeguard measures are reviewed. Secondly, on the basis of expounding the basic contents of WTO general safeguard measures and special safeguard measures, the difference between special safeguard measures and WTO general safeguard measures is analyzed. Furthermore, the application of special safeguard measures and the provisions of retaliation mechanism under WTO framework are expounded in detail. Then it analyzes the special safeguard measures system under the framework of China and WTO, especially the relevant rules and enforcement of American special safeguard measures. Thirdly, the paper reviews the history of the Sino-American tire protection case, discusses the legal issues involved in the case, and makes an assessment of the case. The last part puts forward some suggestions to deal with special protection measures from two angles of Chinese government and related industries.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996.1

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