论对能源贸易的国际法律规制

发布时间：2018-04-29 17:41

本文选题：能源贸易 + 国际法律规制　；参考：《安徽大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：能源问题是当今世界的最大挑战之一,在经济全球化的背景下,世界各国能源对外依赖性持续加大,能源贸易在各国的能源战略中的地位日益重要；另一方面,为应对能源安全的普遍性焦虑,能源贸易对保障全球的能源安全,推进世界经济的可持续发展发挥着不可替代的作用。当前以及未来相当长的时期内,能源贸易都会在各国乃至全球的经济发展中占据重要地位,为保证能源贸易的规范有序,对其进行国际法律规制势在必行。能源产品与普通货物有着较大差别,使得能源贸易具有自身特殊性。能源的物理性质、环境影响等自然性质限制着能源贸易的自由化,能源贸易领域中的非完全竞争、出口贸易壁垒以及能源产品贸易与能源服务贸易的相互交叉等问题严重阻碍着国际能源贸易的发展。同时,能源贸易还深受各国能源安全战略和国际政治经济形势的影响,这些特殊性使得对能源贸易进行国际法律规制会面临重重困难。此外,保障各国和全球的能源安全,平衡国际能源市场各主体之间、能源生产国和消费国之间的能源利益,这些复杂情况都需要现实可行的国际法律规制措施来规范能源贸易。能源贸易国际法律规制措施,是全球性的或者区域性的国际组织、地区内部、国家之间及其相互之间的有关能源贸易的法律措施和政策措施的总和。WTO多边贸易体制并没有将能源贸易作为特别的部分来对待,虽然为能源贸易建立了一些可供遵循的规则,但并不能有效地调整能源贸易关系。国际能源市场的变化、全球气候变化等一系列问题也给能源贸易带来诸多挑战,而WTO与能源贸易相关的规则体系却未能与时俱进,自然难以适应当前国际能源贸易的发展。与WTO体制相比,区域性的能源安排往往具有较好的地缘优势,其成员也具有较为接近的经济政治利益,因而更容易达成利益的平衡,更能促进区域能源市场的发展。但区域贸易安排具有利益内部化和排他性的特点,区域能源安排的长期效应不容乐观,再加上能源市场的非完全竞争因素,区域能源安排并不能长期稳定地推进国际能源贸易,也不能真正地保障全球能源安全。双边贸易是当前一国推动其能源贸易和保障本国能源安全最为现实可行的方式。但双边能源贸易较易受政治因素的干扰,较易受国际能源价格波动的影响,存在巨大风险与不确定性,同时也难以维持全球能源市场的稳定以及保障全球能源安全。国际能源贸易涉及多方面的问题,能源贸易既具有国际贸易的一般性质,又具有环境目标、国际协作等特殊性质。因此,国际能源贸易法律规制的构建除遵循国际法、国际经济法的基本原则之外,还应当遵循能源贸易自由化、能源合作、能源安全和可持续发展等法律原则。无论是多边能源贸易体制、区域能源贸易安排抑或是双边能源贸易,都存在着这样那样的缺憾,难以真正实现对能源贸易进行更好的国际法律规制。渐进模式在有效整合各种国际法律规制机制的基础上形成,可以真正的将能源纳入到世界自由贸易的范畴,实现保障全球能源安全、促进能源在世界范围内可持续发展的目标。首先,能源消费国与生产国间的能源贸易应与双边政治或外交关系相剥离；其次,区域能源安排应超越狭隘的区域集团利益,更具开放性；最后,多边贸易体制是实现能源贸易自由化的最终和最佳方式。彻底解决能源问题的过程,虽然前景广阔却前路曲折,从根本上应坚持渐进模式,以能源贸易自由化为持之努力方向。
[Abstract]:Energy problem is one of the biggest challenges in the world today. Under the background of economic globalization, energy dependence of countries in the world continues to increase. Energy trade is becoming more and more important in the energy strategy of all countries. On the other hand, in order to cope with the universal anxiety of energy security, the energy source trade can guarantee the global energy security and promote the world. The sustainable development of economy plays an irreplaceable role.
In the current and long period of time, energy trade will occupy an important position in the economic development of all countries and in the world. In order to ensure the standard and orderly regulation of energy trade, it is imperative to carry out international legal regulation. There is a great difference between energy products and ordinary goods, so that energy trade has its own particularity. Energy Physics Nature, environmental impact and other natural properties restrict the liberalization of energy trade, incomplete competition in the field of energy trade, export trade barriers and the intercross between energy products trade and energy services trade, which seriously impede the development of international energy trade. At the same time, energy trade is also deeply affected by energy security strategies and international countries. The influence of the political and economic situation, these particularity makes the international legal regulation of energy trade facing many difficulties. In addition, it is necessary to ensure the energy security of all countries and the world, balance the international energy market between the various main bodies, energy producers and consumer countries, all these complex situations require practical and feasible international law. Regulation measures to regulate energy trade.
The international legal regulation measures of energy trade are global or regional international organizations, regions, countries and their mutual legal and policy measures on energy trade, the.WTO multilateral trading system does not treat energy trade as a special part, although it has established some of the energy trade. The rules can be followed, but the energy trade relations can not be adjusted effectively. A series of problems such as the change of the international energy market and the global climate change have also brought many challenges to the energy trade. However, the rules system related to the energy trade of WTO has failed to keep pace with the times, and it is difficult to adapt to the development of the current international energy trade. And the WTO system is difficult to adapt to. In contrast, regional energy arrangements often have good geopolitical advantages, and their members have relatively close economic and political interests, so it is easier to reach a balance of interest and promote the development of regional energy markets. However, regional trade arrangements have the characteristics of internalization and exclusiveness, and the long-term effect of regional energy arrangements is not allowed. In addition to the imperfect competition factors in the energy market, regional energy arrangements can not steadily promote the international energy trade for a long time and can not truly guarantee the global energy security. Bilateral trade is the most feasible way for a country to promote its energy trade and safeguard its energy security. The interference of the treatment factors is more vulnerable to the fluctuations of international energy prices, and there are huge risks and uncertainties, while it is difficult to maintain the stability of the global energy market and guarantee the security of the global energy.
The international energy trade involves many problems. Energy trade not only has the general nature of international trade, but also has environmental objectives and international cooperation. Therefore, in addition to the basic principles of international law and international economic law, the construction of the legal regulation of international energy trade should follow the liberalization of energy trade, energy cooperation, and energy cooperation. The legal principles of source security and sustainable development, such as the multilateral energy trade system, the regional energy trade arrangement or the bilateral energy trade, have such defects, and it is difficult to truly realize the better international legal regulation on energy trade. The gradual model is based on the effective integration of various international legal regulation mechanisms. It can truly integrate energy into the category of world free trade, realize the goal of ensuring global energy security and promoting the sustainable development of energy in the world. First, energy trade between energy consuming countries and producing countries should be separated from bilateral political or diplomatic relations; secondly, regional energy arrangements should surpass narrow zones. In the end, the multilateral trading system is the ultimate and best way to realize the liberalization of energy trade. The process of solving the energy problem thoroughly, although the prospect is wide and twists and turns, should fundamentally adhere to the progressive model and take the liberalization of energy trade as the direction of efforts.

【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D996.1;F416.2

【参考文献】