国家管辖外深海基因资源惠益分享法律制度研究

发布时间：2018-04-30 07:43

本文选题：深海底 + 生物多样性　；参考：《大连海事大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：近年来,随着人类深海勘探水平的提高,国家管辖范围外深海底生物多样性作为一类新型的海洋资源逐渐被人们所认识。深海底生物多样性的发现改变了传统的低温(或高温)、无光照、有毒、缺氧环境下无生命存在的认识,深海底生物所具备的抗低温(或高温)、抗毒、耐黑暗等特质极大的丰富了生物基因库,其在人类医疗、工业、环保等领域都具有极大的应用价值。因此,引起了国际社会的广泛关注,也产生了极大的争议。发达国家认为,国家管辖范围外深海底生物多样性的开发和利用应当依据"公海自由原则",允许各国自由开发;而发展中国家则坚持国家管辖范围外的深海底生物多样性是继"区域"之后的又一人类共同遗产,应当为全人类共同所有。目前与国家管辖范围外深海底生物多样性有关的国际公约,无论是《联合国海洋法公约》还是《生物多样性公约》均未对处于国家管辖范围以外的深海底生物多样性问题做出明确规定。因此,现有国际法律框架尚不能对其进行有效规制,亦未有国际组织进行合理监管,在这种情况下,国际社会尤其是发展中国家迫切的需要为国家管辖范围外深海底生物多样性建立有效的法律规制体系,尽快规范其开发与利用,阻止发达国家对资源的抢占。国家管辖范围外深海底生物多样性的法律属性是研究其法律规制最基本的问题,是开发、利用和保护这种资源的基础。本文认为,国家管辖范围外深海底生物多样性具有与"区域"及其资源相似的属性,其性质也应当为人类共同遗产,具备为全人类共同所有、为全人类的共同利益、专为和平目的而利用和公平分享利益的特征。在这样一个前提下,人类需要共享国家管辖范围外深海底生物多样性开发和利用所带来的利益,也需要共同承担起保护和保全这份人类共同遗产的责任。基于国家管辖范围外深海底生物多样性的人类共同遗产属性,本文从利益共享和责任共担两个方面对其法律规制进行了研究,分别为国家管辖范围外深海底生物多样性的开发与利用、国家管辖范围外深海底生物多样性的保护与保全。在开发与利用部分,本文提出了建立准入制度、知识产权制度和惠益分享制度。通过准入制度的建立对深海底生物多样性的开发和利用进行监管;通过知识产权制度的建立刺激开发和利用中惠益的产生;而通过惠益分享制度则可以保证来源于人类共同遗产的惠益为全人类所共享。在保护与保全部分,本文主张分别以区域、主体及具体行为为规制对象建立保护制度,即建立海洋特别保护区、制定海洋科学研究行为守则和进行环境影响评价,以形成全方位的综合保护模式。我国作为一个在国际事务中的地位日渐重要的大国,在有关国家管辖范围外深海底生物多样性的国际议程中如果没有明确的立场和具体对策,不但将影响我国海洋权益的争夺,而且不利于负责任的大国形象的确立。因此,本文最后提出了我国未来在国家管辖范围外深海底生物多样性问题上的策略选择和发展路径。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the improvement of the level of deep sea exploration, the biological diversity of deep seabed outside the national jurisdiction is gradually recognized as a new type of marine resources. The discovery of deep seabed biodiversity has changed the understanding of the inanimate existence of the traditional low temperature (or high temperature), no light, toxic and anoxic environment, and the deep seabed biologic Institute The characteristics of anti low temperature (or high temperature), antivirus, and dark tolerance have greatly enriched the biological gene pool, which have great application value in the fields of human medical, industrial and environmental protection. Therefore, it has aroused wide attention from the international community and has produced great controversy. Development and utilization should be based on the "principle of freedom of the high seas", allowing the free development of all countries; while developing countries insist that the deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the country is another human common heritage following the "region", which should be shared by all human beings. The Convention, whether it is the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea or the Convention on biological diversity, has not made a clear provision for the question of deep seabed biodiversity beyond the jurisdiction of the state. Therefore, the existing international legal framework is not yet effective in regulating it, and no international organization has carried out reasonable supervision. In this case, the international community In particular, it is urgent for developing countries to establish an effective legal regulation system for deep seabed biodiversity under the jurisdiction of the country, standardize its development and utilization as soon as possible, and prevent the preemption of resources from developed countries. The legal attribute of deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the state is the most basic problem in the study of its legal regulation. This article holds that the nature of deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the national jurisdiction is similar to the "region" and its resources, and its nature should also be a common heritage of mankind, with the common interests of all mankind, for the common benefit of all mankind, for the use of and fair share of the interests for peaceful purposes. Under such a premise, human beings need to share the benefits of the exploitation and utilization of deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the national jurisdiction, and also share the responsibility of protecting and preserving the common heritage of the human being. Based on the common heritage property of the deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the country, this article from the benefit sharing Two aspects of responsibility sharing are studied, which are the development and utilization of deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the state, the protection and preservation of the deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the state. In the development and utilization part, the article puts forward the establishment of the quasi entry system, the intellectual property system and the benefit sharing system. The development and utilization of deep seabed biodiversity is regulated through the establishment of the access system, and the creation and utilization of the benefits are stimulated through the establishment of the intellectual property system, while the benefit sharing system can ensure that the benefits of the common heritage of human beings are shared by all human beings. The establishment of a protection system for the regulation of regional, subject and specific behavior, namely, the establishment of a special marine protected area, the formulation of a code of conduct for marine scientific research and environmental impact assessment, in order to form a comprehensive comprehensive protection model. China, as an increasingly important country in the international affairs, is in the scope of the jurisdiction of the state. If there is no clear position and specific countermeasures in the international agenda for biodiversity in the deep seabed, it will not only affect the contention of the maritime rights and interests of our country, but also is not conducive to the establishment of the responsible image of the big country. Therefore, this paper finally puts forward the strategic choice and development of our country's future on the question of deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the country. Spreading path.

【学位授予单位】：大连海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D993.5;D996.9

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