跨界环境损害民事责任研究

发布时间：2018-05-02 09:47

本文选题：跨界环境损害 + 民事责任　；参考：《辽宁大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：1972年《人类环境宣言》第22条号召“各国应合作发展关于其管辖或控制下的活动对其管辖外的地区造成污染和生态损害的责任以及对受害者予以赔偿的国际法”。但是，近年来，跨界环境损害的国际责任规则发展的相当缓慢，，以至于国家也很难承担跨界环境损害的责任。尽管如此，跨界环境损害中受害方的利益仍然要得到保护，而解决该问题的办法之一就是将目光转向私主体，使之承担相应的民事责任，但同时我们仍不能忽视由于跨界因素的存在而导致的司法管辖权的问题。因此，缔结国际条约就成为国家解决这个问题的首选办法之一，如1969年缔结的《国际油污损害民事责任公约》就是这方面最具典范的国际法律文件之一，随后，关于跨界污染的民事责任条约纷纷出台，领域涉及核污染损害、跨界水域污染损害、海洋石油污染损害和危险物质跨界转移所致的损害等。本文首先分析了跨界环境损害民事责任提出的原因以及司法实践中民事责任对于解决跨界环境损害的必要性，并阐述了通过民事责任机制来解决跨界环境损害的责任承担问题是一个更为合理、有效的途径，在国际社会，越来越多的国家将会逐渐接受并采用这一方式。接着论述了跨界环境损害民事责任发展的理论基础，主要有注意义务的客观化和利益均衡论。其次介绍了跨界环境损害民事责任的国际法律规定，进一步说明了通过民事责任机制解决跨界环境损害的问题早已深入人心。第三部分重点论述了跨界环境损害民事责任存在的局限性以及如何应对的问题，在局限性方面，主要通过跨界环境损害私主体的责任能力有限、环境损害跨界索赔存在障碍、《关于危险活动造成跨界损害中的损失分配原则草案》尚存缺陷等三个方面进行论述，并指出通过完善跨界环境损害民事责任机制、构建跨界环境损害诉讼救济途径、加强国际合作等策略进行相关问题的解决。本文的最后一部分主要分析了中国在跨界环境损害民事责任方面存在的问题以及解决策略，以期对跨界环境损害民事责任的发展和完善有所裨益，从而达到保护国际环境的目的。
[Abstract]:Article 22 of the 1972 Declaration on the Human Environment calls for "States to cooperate in the development of international law on liability for pollution and ecological damage caused by activities under their jurisdiction or control and compensation for victims". However, in recent years, the development of international liability rules for transboundary environmental damage is so slow that it is difficult for the State to bear the responsibility for transboundary environmental damage. Nevertheless, the interests of the injured party in transboundary environmental harm still need to be protected, and one of the solutions to this problem is to turn to the private subject and make it liable for the corresponding civil liability. But at the same time, we can not ignore the jurisdiction caused by the existence of cross-border factors. Thus, the conclusion of international treaties has become one of the preferred national solutions to this problem, such as the International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage, concluded in 1969, which is one of the most exemplary international legal instruments in this regard, and subsequently, The civil liability treaties on transboundary pollution have been published one after another in the fields of nuclear pollution damage, transboundary water pollution damage, marine oil pollution damage and damage caused by the transboundary transfer of dangerous substances. This paper first analyzes the causes of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage and the necessity of civil liability in judicial practice to solve transboundary environmental damage. It is a more reasonable and effective way to solve the problem of liability for transboundary environmental damage through civil liability mechanism. In the international community, more and more countries will gradually accept and adopt this method. Then it discusses the theoretical basis of the development of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage, including the objectivity of duty of care and the theory of balance of interests. Secondly, it introduces the international legal provisions of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage, and further explains that the problem of solving transboundary environmental damage through the mechanism of civil liability has been deeply accepted by people. The third part focuses on the limitations of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage and how to deal with the problems. There are obstacles to the claim for transboundary environmental damage, and the draft principles on the allocation of loss in the case of transboundary harm caused by hazardous activities are discussed in three aspects, such as the remaining defects, and it is pointed out that the civil liability mechanism for transboundary environmental damage can be improved by perfecting the mechanism of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage. To solve the related problems by constructing the remedy way of transboundary environmental damage litigation, strengthening international cooperation and so on. The last part of this paper mainly analyzes the problems in the civil liability for transboundary environmental damage in China as well as the countermeasures, in order to benefit the development and improvement of the civil liability for transboundary environmental damage. In order to achieve the goal of protecting the international environment.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D996.9

【参考文献】