跨界环境损害责任问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-05 18:41

本文选题：跨界环境损害 + 国家责任　；参考：《东北林业大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：在日本福田核泄漏事故中,对周边国家造成的损害的程度到底有多大还是未知数,然而它又把跨界环境损害问题推向人们舆论的焦点,跨国境环境污染事件的屡屡发生,构成对全球和相邻国家及地区的严重损害和威胁。而且此类问题均涉及到国际法律责任问题。虽然在这方面国际法和国际实践有了很大的进步,但其发展也不尽如人意,主要表现为对追究有关各方法律责任问题上缺乏理论和实践的支撑,日本福田核泄漏事故所造成的跨界环境损害的责任追究问题就是很好的例证。当今国际社会跨界损害发生频繁,对环境及人身或财产造成严重损失。跨界环境损害责任的国际法依据主要是2001年国际法委员会编纂的《国家对国际不法行为的责任条文草案》、《预防危险活动的跨界损害条款草案》和2004年的《关于危险活动造成的跨界损害的损失分配的原则草案》。在《预防条款草案》和《损失分配的原则草案》中对国家没有履行国际法规定的相应的预防义务而导致其管辖或控制范围内的活动产生跨界环境损害后果时所承担的责任做了相关的规定。然而由于存在法律以及实际操作上的困境,在该领域追究责任不具可行性。基于这个问题的理论研究价值和现实意义,本文主要从以下篇章结构中对跨界环境损害的责任问题作了相关的探讨：首先文章从跨界环境损害的概念定性入手,分别介绍了跨界环境损害的含义、特征以及跨界环境损害的产生原因及现状。使我们对跨界环境损害基础理论有了更进一步的认识。其次,介绍了跨界环境损害国家责任的概念界定、国家责任制度在跨界环境损害中的法律编纂和相关条约以及国家责任的构成要件。在该部分中重点说明了国家责任在解决跨界环境损害责任问题中国际法律文件,详细阐述了国家责任的法律编纂历程。再次是跨界环境损害民事责任的发展,在该部分中介绍了跨界环境损害民事责任的理论存在的理论基础,跨界环境损害民事责任的条约实践以及《损失分配原则草案》的产生过程、内容和意义。基于以上分析,笔者从跨界损害的国家责任和民事责任分别进行探讨,找到二者对跨界环境损害国际争端解决的可取之处从而确定跨界环境损害责任体系发展的新模式,这种责任体系分别肯定了国家责任和民事责任的优点,从而更好地解决跨界环境损害国际争端,这才是解决跨界环境损害责任的最合理的手段,能够弥补前面两种责任形式的不足之处,笔者相信这种责任体系模式也是未来国际环境法学解决国际争端的的发展趋势。
[Abstract]:In the case of the nuclear accident in Fukuda, Japan, how much damage has been caused to the surrounding countries is still unknowns. However, it also puts the problem of transboundary environmental damage to the focus of public opinion. The occurrence of environmental pollution incidents across the border constitutes a serious damage and threat to the global and adjacent countries and regions. Although there has been great progress in international law and international practice in this respect, its development is not satisfactory, which is mainly manifested in the support of the lack of theory and Practice on the legal responsibility of the parties concerned. The issue of the accountability of the transboundary environmental damage caused by the nuclear leakage accident in Fukuda, Japan It is a good example. The international community has caused frequent transboundary damage and caused serious damage to the environment and the person or property. The international law basis for the liability for transboundary environmental damage is mainly the draft of the state's liability for international wrongful acts compiled by the International Law Commission in 2001, the draft of the provisions for the prevention of transboundary damage to dangerous activities and 2004 The draft principles on loss allocation for Transboundary damages caused by dangerous activities in 2003 are >
In the draft of the draft prevention clause and the draft of the principle of loss allocation, the responsibility for the failure of the state to fulfil the corresponding preventive obligation under international law which leads to the consequences of a transboundary environmental damage in the scope of its jurisdiction or control has been stipulated, however, due to the existence of legal and practical difficulties in the operation, Based on the theoretical research value and practical significance of this problem, this paper mainly discusses the responsibility of the transboundary environmental damage in the following text structure.
First of all, the article, starting with the concept of transboundary environmental damage, introduces the meaning, characteristics and causes and status of transboundary environmental damage, which makes us more aware of the basic theory of transboundary environmental damage. Secondly, it introduces the definition of the state responsibility for transboundary environmental damage and state responsibility. The legal codification and relevant treaties and the elements of state responsibility in the system of transboundary environmental damage. In this part, the emphasis is on the international legal documents of the responsibility of state responsibility in solving the problem of the liability for transboundary environmental damage, and the history of the codification of the law of state responsibility in detail. This part introduces the theoretical basis of the theory of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage, the practice of the Treaty on civil liability for transboundary damage to the environment and the process, content and significance of the draft of the principle of loss allocation. Based on the above analysis, the author explores the national responsibility and civil liability of transboundary damage, and finds out the two parties. The new model of the development of the responsibility system for the transboundary environmental damage is determined by the environmental damage to the international dispute settlement, which affirms the advantages of the state responsibility and civil liability, thus better solving the international disputes over the transboundary environmental damage, which is the most reasonable means to solve the responsibility of the inter boundary environmental damage. To make up for the deficiencies of the above two forms of responsibility, I believe that this responsibility system is also a trend for international environmental law to solve international disputes in the future.

【学位授予单位】：东北林业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D997.1

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