航空器租赁的法律保护机制研究

发布时间：2018-05-07 09:42

本文选题：航空器租赁 + 融资　；参考：《吉林大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：截至2008年底，中国各航空公司运营的1200多架民用航空器中，有65%是依靠租赁引进的。未来随着中国民航运输总量的进一步扩张，航空器租赁的比例与总数还将继续攀升。可以毫不夸张地说，航空器租赁活动支撑了中国民用航空事业的过去、现在以及未来。因此如何保障民航产业能够获取航空器租赁的机会、降低航空器租赁的成本也就成为决定未来我国民航产业发展的关键因素之一。航空器租赁是一种以“资产（航空器）”为支持的融资活动，出租人对航空器保有的物权性权益是化解交易风险的基本保障。因为一旦对方发生信用风险，出租人可以凭借其权益而直接取回航空器以弥补租金债权的损失。然而，租赁交易中出租人对航空器的取回权能否获得承认并快速地得到实现，取决于承租人所在国法律的实际状况。如果当地法律不能尊重出租人权益的优先效力、不能保证出租人在资产快速贬值前取回航空器，租赁的担保功能将无从发挥，航空器租赁也就无法开展或者只能以较高的成本来开展。经过十几年的摸索和努力建立起来的中国航空器租赁相关法律制度是否足以支撑本国航空公司获取航空器租赁的活动？未来进一步完善与改革的方向在哪里？为解答这些问题，本文采用历史分析、比较分析和利益分析的研究方法对航空器租赁法律保护机制的基本理论和具体制度展开研究和探索。本文共分5章，第1章为导论部分。第2章首先从租赁的发展历程和社会功能开始，分析得出航空器租赁本质上乃是一种蕴含担保功能的融资活动。租赁自身蕴含的担保功能是通过出租人对于租赁物的取回权来实现的，取回权的权原是出租人对于租赁物所持有的物权性权益。航空器租赁法律保护机制的核心作用正是确保租赁所具有的担保功能，即确保出租人得以在租赁合同履行受阻时快速地取回航空器。因此从吸引租赁融资的角度上来看，航空公司所在国应该建立能够涵盖以下三个方面的法律保护机制：据以确认出租人持有的航空器权益的物权或担保法律制度；尊重出租人权益的破产制度；确保出租人能够快速实现取回权的司法程序制度。第3章运用比较分析的方法对几个主要国家国内航空器租赁法律保护机制进行介绍、分析和评论。美国是航空器租赁活动的发源地，也是迄今为止航空器租赁活动发展最为繁盛、最为成熟的地方，这种状况与其国内法律保护机制的完善有着密不可分的关系。美国国内充分体现现代融资活动的商事法律规则，，以及专门为航空器租赁活动构建起的法律体制，都保证了本国航空产业吸引租赁融资的能力。加拿大既没有全国性的统一航空器权益登记系统，也没有为航空器租赁活动进行专门立法，但是其内部各省发达的财产法律同样为租赁活动出租人权益的确认和保护提供了基本的支撑。作为大陆法系典型代表的法国在物权和合同基本法律制度上都颇为保守，对航空器出租人取回权的保护主要是通过专门立法的形式来实现。对比三个国家的国内机制，虽然构建于不同的法律传统和法律理念之上，但都在一定程度上实现了对航空器租赁活动的有效支撑，其中的方式、方法值得我国借鉴。第4章是对航空器租赁国际法律保护机制的研究与分析。航空器的移动性和物权适用“物之所在地法”的普遍法律适用原则，使得对出租人航空器权益的确认和保护都需要国际合作。1948年《日内瓦公约》以统一各国冲突法规则为己任，为航空器租赁活动的开展建立起最初的国际法律机制。2001年通过的《开普敦公约》及其《航空器议定书》则是一个更具革命性的统一实体法规则体系，根据该体系建立起来的国际登记制度、违约救济制度和破产救济制度，使航空器租赁的国际保护机制远远先进于多数国家的国内法律机制。第5章是对中国航空器租赁法律保护机制的现状、不足以及未来发展建议的研究与探讨。第一节首先对中国航空器租赁法律制度的历史发展和现实情况展开介绍和分析。第二节分析了开普敦公约体系在中国适用的依据、范围和问题，并在此基础上对开普敦公约体系的内容与中国国内对应的法律制度展开对比与评价。第三节提出了完善中国航空器租赁法律保护机制的路径和方法建议。指出我国应考虑改革现有的航空器权利登记系统以应对不断发展的融资实践；应该放开开普敦公约体系对于“国内交易”在适用上的限制，以使向我国航空公司提供租赁服务的出租人都能享受到平等的、高标准的法律保障。
[Abstract]:By the end of 2008, 65% of the more than 1200 civil aircraft operated by Chinese airlines were introduced by lease. With the further expansion of the total volume of China's civil aviation, the proportion and total of the aircraft leasing will continue to rise. It is no exaggeration to say that the aviation leasing activities have supported China's civil aviation industry. It is one of the key factors to determine the future development of China's civil aviation industry by ensuring that the civil aviation industry can obtain the opportunity to lease the aircraft and reduce the cost of the aircraft leasing.
The leasehold is a financing activity supported by "assets (aircraft)". The property rights and interests of the lessor are the basic guarantee to resolve the transaction risk. As once the other party has a credit risk, the lessor can take back the airline directly to make up for the loss of the rent. If the lessor's right to retrieve the aircraft is recognized and realized quickly, it depends on the actual situation of the law in the country where the lessee is located. If the local law does not respect the priority effect of the lessor's rights and interests, it can not guarantee the lessor's return to the aircraft before the rapid devaluation of the assets, and the Charter function of the lease will not be exerted and the aircraft rents will be rented. It is impossible to carry out or can only be carried out at a higher cost. Is the legal system of China aircraft leasing established after more than ten years of exploration and efforts to support the activities of national airlines to obtain aircraft leasing? Where is the future of further improvement and reform? To answer these questions, this article adopts Historical analysis, comparative analysis and research methods of interest analysis have carried out research and Exploration on the basic theory and specific system of the legal protection mechanism of aircraft leasing.
This article is divided into 5 chapters, and the first chapter is the introduction.
The second chapter begins with the development process and social function of the lease. It is concluded that the aircraft leasing is essentially a financing activity containing the guarantee function. The guarantee function contained in the lease is realized by the lessor's right to retrieve the leasehold. The right to take back the right is the property property of the leasor for the lease. The core role of the legal protection mechanism of aircraft leasing is to ensure that the lease has the guarantee function, that is to ensure that the lessor is able to quickly retrieve the aircraft when the lease contract is impeded. Therefore, from the perspective of attracting leasing financing, the country where the airline is located should establish a legal guarantee that covers the following three aspects. Protection mechanism: the legal system for identifying the rights and interests of the aircrafts held by the lessor; the bankruptcy system that respects the rights of the lessor; and the judicial procedure system to ensure the lessor's quick realization of the rights of the lessor.
The third chapter introduces the legal protection mechanism of the domestic aircraft leasing in several major countries by comparative analysis. The United States is the birthplace of the aircraft leasing activities, and is also the most prosperous and mature place of the aircraft leasing activities so far. This situation and its domestic legal protection mechanism are perfect. There is an inextricable relationship. The United States fully embodies the commercial legal rules of modern financing activities, as well as the legal system specially built for aircraft leasing activities, which have guaranteed the ability of the domestic aviation industry to attract leasing financing. Canada has neither the national unified airspace registration system nor the rent for the aircraft. The renting activities carry out special legislation, but the developed property laws in each province also provide basic support for the confirmation and protection of the leasehold's rights and interests. As a typical representative of the continental law system, France is rather conservative in the basic legal system of property and contract, and the protection of the reclaim right of the aeronautical lessor is mainly through the protection of the rights of the aeronautics and crafts. The internal mechanism of the three countries, which is built on different legal traditions and legal ideas, has realized the effective support to the leasehold of aircraft to some extent, and the method is worthy of reference in our country.
The fourth chapter is the study and analysis of the international legal protection mechanism of aircraft leasing. The universal legal application principle of the mobility of aircraft and the application of real right to the law of "the location of things" makes it necessary to confirm and protect the rights and interests of the lessor's aircraft, which will take the "Geneva public agreement" as its own responsibility for the United States conflict of law rules for.1948 years. The launch of aircraft leasing activities established the original international legal mechanism, the Cape Town Convention and the aircraft protocol, adopted in.2001, is a more revolutionary unified entity law system, the international registration system established according to the system, the remedy system of breach of contract and the system of bankruptcy relief, and the state of the aircraft leasing. The inter protection mechanism is far superior to the domestic legal mechanisms of most countries.
The fifth chapter is the present situation of the legal protection mechanism of the leasehold of China aircraft, and the research and discussion of the future development proposals. First section first introduces and analyzes the historical development and reality of the legal system of China's aircraft leasing. The second section analyses the basis, scope and problems of the application of the Cape Town convention system in China. On this basis, the contents of the Cape Town convention system and the corresponding legal system in China are compared and evaluated. The third section puts forward the ways and methods to improve the legal protection mechanism of China aircraft leasing, and points out that China should consider reforming the existing registration system of aircraft rights to cope with the continuous development of financing practice; The restrictions on the applicability of the Cape Town convention system to "domestic transactions" should be liberalized so that lessors who provide rental services to our airlines can enjoy equal and high standard legal safeguards.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D997

【参考文献】