国际货物买卖合同中免责条款的效力与运用

发布时间：2018-05-08 16:49

本文选题：国际货物买卖 + 免责条款　；参考：《华东政法大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着世界经济一体化与贸易全球化的不断发展,国际货物贸易日趋复杂,相应的风险也日益增加。作为管理、控制风险的一种方式,国际货物买卖合同的当事人,通常会在国际货物买卖合同中加入免责条款,以限定自己所须承担的责任,从而控制风险。但是,国际货物买卖合同中免责条款的使用是有限度的,其解释与效力受到很多限制,因为在复杂的国际语境中,不同国家、不同法系之间,其法律规定与司法实践都存在重大的差别。因此,对于国际货物买卖的参与者来说,了解并深刻理解各国法律、法院在解决国际货物贸易纠纷实践中对免责条款进行解释和效力判断的一般规则,从而在国际货物买卖合同中设计出成功有效的免责条款,避免当争议发生时因无法援引免责条款而遭受巨大损失,意义重大。基于这一出发点,本文试图从实务的角度,以英国法为模范,结合相关案例,总结、归纳并分析国际货物买卖合同中免责条款解释、效力判断所须遵循的一般规则,然后以国际货物买卖合同中最典型的免责条款——“不可抗力”免责条款为例,演示一个具体的国际货物买卖合同免责条款在适用过程中可能受到的种种限制。本文旨在通过对国际货物买卖合同免责条款解释规则及效力判断规则的考察来探寻其运用之道,发现国际货物买卖合同中免责条款“有效”与“无效”之间的边界,以期对我国国际货物贸易实务的风险控制进行一些探索,为我国参与国际贸易竞争者提供一些参考意见。在国际货物买卖合同下,当事人可以选择处理合同争议所适用的法律及争端解决方式,并且在合同实质条款的拟定上有着相当大的自由,同时,“私法自治”、“契约自由”也已经成为合同领域被各国法律、各法系所公认的基本原则,本文认为,对国际货物买卖合同中免责条款效力的判断可以采取以下模式,即:在国际货物买卖合同下,根据“私法自治”、“契约自由”的原则,任何经平等协商、签字确认的免责条款应当推定有效,除非被证明存在使其无效的情形。本文认为,在国际货物买卖合同下,一个措词含糊不清的免责条款、一个背离合同主旨的免责条款、或者一个只有寥寥数语,意图“偷懒”的免责条款,都是无法满足免责条款起草人的免责初衷的;但,即使国际货物买卖合同中的免责条款措辞精准,符合合同主旨,并且事无巨细地罗列所有可能情形的免责条款,也会因为违反法律强制性的规定、存在额外的明示担保、或存在欺骗或不实陈述的情形而无效,或者因免责条款提出方主观过错程度的不同而不同程度地削弱、消灭免责条款的效力。免责条款的订立者应充分理解这一现实才能设计出有效的免责条款。
[Abstract]:With the continuous development of world economic integration and trade globalization, international trade in goods is becoming increasingly complex and the corresponding risks are increasing. As a way of managing and controlling risks, the parties to international goods and trade contracts usually add exemption clauses to international goods and sale contracts in order to limit their responsibilities. However, the use of the exemption clause in the international contract of sale of goods is limited, and its interpretation and effectiveness are limited, because in the complex international context, there are significant differences between the legal provisions and the judicial practice between different countries and different legal systems. Therefore, for the participants of the international trade in goods, Understanding and understanding the laws of various countries, the general rules of the court in solving the exemption clauses in the practice of international goods trade disputes and the general rule of judging the effectiveness of the disclaimer, thus designing a successful and effective exemption clause in the international contract for the sale of goods and avoiding the great loss of the disclaimer when the dispute occurs, which is of great significance. From the point of view, this article tries to sum up and analyze the interpretation of the exemption clause in the international goods and sale contract and the general rules to be followed in the judgment of the validity of the international goods sale contract from the angle of practice, combining with the relevant cases, and then the exemption clause of the "force majeure" clause in the international contract for the sale of goods - the "force majeure" clause The purpose of this paper is to explore the ways to use the rules of interpretation of the exemption clause and the rule of judgment on the effectiveness of the international goods sale contract, and to find the way of its application, and find that the exemption clause in the international contract of goods and sale is "effective" and "no". The boundary between effect "is expected to make some exploration on the risk control of international trade in goods in China, and provide some reference for our country's participation in international trade.
Under the contract of international sale of goods, the parties may choose to deal with the law and dispute settlement applicable to the contract disputes, and have considerable freedom in the formulation of the substantive terms of the contract. At the same time, the "autonomy of private law" and "freedom of contract" have also become the basic principles recognized by various legal and legal systems in the contract field. The article holds that the following model can be taken to judge the effectiveness of the exemption clause in an international contract of sale of goods: under the international contract of sale of goods, the principle of "autonomy of private law", "freedom of contract", any exemption clause confirmed by equal consultation and signature should be presumed valid unless it is proved to be ineffective.
This article holds that under an international contract of sale of goods, a vague disclaimer clause, a disclaimer clause that deviates from the tenor of the contract, or an exemption clause with only a few words intended to be "lazy", can not satisfy the original intention of the drafters of the exemption clause; however, even if the exemption clause in the international contract of sale of goods is disclaimer, Precise wording, conforming to the tenor of the contract, and listing all the exemption clauses of all possible circumstances, will also be invalid because of the violation of the mandatory provisions of the law, the existence of an additional express guarantee, or the existence of deception or false statements, or the weakening of the extent of the subjective fault of the disclaimer. The conclusion of the exemption clause should fully understand this reality so as to design an effective exemption clause.

【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D923.6;D996

【参考文献】