备用信用证法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-10 05:01

  本文选题：备用信用证 + 独立担保　； 参考：《对外经济贸易大学》2003年硕士论文

【摘要】： 美国的银行界为了规避法律不允许银行为第三人提供担保的规定而创设了备用信用证。因此从其起源来讲，备用信用证的产生是出于替代银行保函的目的。由于从传统商业信用证衍生而来，备用信用证自产生之日即承继了信用证所固有的独立性特点。作为一种担保方式，这种独立性特点正好契合了经济发展和各方当事人的需要，从而赋予了备用信用证无穷的活力，其使用范围也迅速从国内交易扩展到国际交易，从支持金融性债务的担保发展到支持各种类型的债务履行。现今，备用信用证已被广泛运用于社会经济生活的各方各面，其业务量也远远超过了传统的商业信用证，成为一种重要的国际金融工具。本文即意图在国际商会和联合国贸易法委员会制订的文件的基础上就备用信用证本身以及在运作过程中所存在的法律问题进行分析和探讨。 关于备用信用证的性质一直存在争议。争议的产生源自人们对于担保是否可以具有独立性的怀疑。传统的担保具有附属性和补充性的特点，这一特点完全体现了设定担保的目的，也限制了担保人责任的风险范围。备用信用证的独立性则使担保人/开证行在对受益人付款时完全不考虑基础合同项下的义务履行情况，而只能根据受益人在备用信用证下所提交的单据来作出是否付款的决定。只要单据符合规定，银行就必须付款。 尽管备用信用证，或称具有独立性的担保的出现是对传统的担保制度的一次重大突破，但却没有突破传统担保制度的极限。担保合同因其功能而在合同法中自成一类，但从根本上讲仍属于合同的范畴，因此应当遵循当事人意思自治的基本原则。当事人在基础合同中协商使用备用信用证，以及银行开具备用信用证时均是以为基础合同项下义务履行提供保证为目的。当事各方对所提供的担保的独立性的规定是当事各方对付款时及付款后所存在的风险所做的一种分配，即付款时基础义务已得到履行或基础义务已灭失以及付款后信用证申请人需以诉讼方式追回款项。这种风险分配是基于当事各方对自己利益的权衡结果，是当事各方在自愿的基础上对自己私权利的处置，法律不应对此加以干涉。从这个意义上讲，备用信用证是一种新型的具有独立性特点的担保。 备用信用证的独立性决定了备用信用证在事实上与申请人和受益人之间的基础交易合同关系以及申请人与开证行之间的委托开证合同关系不可分割，在法律上却相互独立。因此严格讲，备用信用证下的法律只涉及开证行和受益人之间的担保合同关系，以及在有其它银行介入的情况下，其它银行与开证行和受益人的关系。开证行和受益人在备用信用证下所享有的权利和承担的义务完全按照备用信用证内所列的条件来确定。因此，对付款条件，即受益人应提交单据的规定 WP=4 是备用信用证条款的核心内容，不同的付款条件决定了受益人所能得到的好处和所面临的风险，也决定了备用信用证在事实上独立于基础合同的程度。备用信用证中非单据条件的加入使得备用信用证完全摒弃了独立性的特点和由此所带来的优势，成为与传统的保证无二的担保工具。对于何为非单据条件的定义，或称在何种情况下银行的付款依赖于基础合同存在着一定的争论。一种观点认为无论备用信用证规定要求提供什么性质的单据或文件，只要银行的义务只限于审单付款，银行的付款义务就是独立于基础合同的；一种观点认为如受益人所需要提交的单据本身已经是对基础合同项下权利义务的确认，则备用信用证下的支付就是依赖于基础合同的。ISP98从银行操作的角度出发，采纳了前一种观点，以银行的义务是否限于审单付款为标准来作为划分独立和非独立的界线。这样规定的风险是，从受益人角度，备用信用证将不能保证其得到偿付的权利，其资金融通的功能也名存实亡。备用信用证将由于其丧失快捷性和确定性的特点而在一定程度上影响其存在的价值。 在备用信用证运作过程中还存在着许多问题。例如单据的提示和审查，受益人索款权利的转让和款项让渡，以及受益人欺诈和滥用权利等。这些运作中的问题和在传统商业信用证下所存在的问题有一定的相似性。受益人的提示应按照信用证规定的方式进行并提示规定的单据，银行的审单应按照表面一致和严格相符的原则；索款权利的转让指的是受益人将信用证下提示单据并要求付款的权利转让给另一人，款项让渡指的是在作出付款的情况下，转让信用证下的收益，索款权利仍属于原受益人；在受益人欺诈和滥用权利的情况下，银行可自行决定或根据法院的止付令解除对受益人的付款义务。 中国法上几乎没有对备用信用证作出相关规定，但法律为备用信用证的合法性留下了空间。实践中，，我国银行自80年代以来就顺应国际惯例开始使用备用信用证。但是，我国法院在对待备用信用证的有效性问题上却区分国际和国内加以区别对待，对国内经济活动中开立的备用信用证的有效性持否认态度。这一做法不利于与国际接轨，也与各国际惯例和公约的精神不符。由于备用信用证使用上所具有的国际性，建议中国加入《联合国独立担保与备用信用证公约》，并尽快推广ISP98的使用。同时，应依照国际惯例和公约的规定加快完善国内立法来指导和约束备用信用证的使用。
[Abstract]:The American bank created a standby letter of credit in order to avoid the law that does not allow the bank to provide guarantee for third people. Therefore, the origin of the standby letter of credit is derived from the purpose of replacing the bank guarantee. As a guarantee, the independence feature coincides with the economic development and the needs of the parties, thus endowing the standby letter of credit with infinite vitality. Its scope of use is also rapidly expanded from domestic transactions to international transactions, from the support of financial debt support to the support of various types of debt. Today, the standby letter of credit has been widely used in all sides of the social and economic life, and its business volume is far more than the traditional commercial letter of credit. It has become an important international financial instrument. This article is intended to be based on the documents formulated by the International Chamber of Commerce and the United Nations Commission on Trade Law on the standby letter of credit itself and on the basis of the document. The legal problems existing in the operation process are analyzed and discussed.
The nature of the standby letter of credit has always been controversial. The origin of the dispute arises from the suspicion that the security can have independence. The traditional guarantee has the characteristics of the attached property and supplemental nature, which completely embodies the purpose of setting up the guarantee and limits the scope of the risk of the responsibility of the guarantor. The independence of the standby letter of credit is In order to make the guarantor / bank in payment of the beneficiary, it does not take into account the performance of the obligations under the basic contract, and can only make a decision on whether the payment is made on the basis of the documents submitted under the standby letter of credit for the beneficiary. As long as the documents are in accordance with the regulations, the bank must pay.
Although the emergence of standby letter of credit, or the emergence of an independent guarantee, is a major breakthrough in the traditional guarantee system, it does not break through the limits of the traditional guarantee system. The guarantee contract is in the contract law because of its function, but it is still in the category of the contract. Therefore, it should follow the basis of the autonomy of the parties. This principle. The parties concerned use a standby letter of credit in a basic contract, as well as a bank with a standby letter of credit for the purpose of providing assurance as a guarantee under the obligation under a basic contract. The provisions of the parties to the guarantee provided by the parties are a distribution of the risks of the parties on the payment and payment. In the case of payment, the basic obligation has been fulfilled or the basic obligation has been lost and the letter of credit applicant needs to be recovered in the way of litigation. This risk allocation is based on the trade-off between the parties to their own interests and the disposal of the parties on their own rights on a voluntary basis. The law should not interfere with it. In a sense, standby letter of credit is a new type of guarantee with independent characteristics.
The independence of the standby letter of credit determines the relationship between the standby letter of credit in fact and the basic transaction contract between the applicant and the beneficiary and the entrustment contract relationship between the applicant and the issuing bank, and is independent in law. Therefore, the law under the standby letter of credit is strictly related to the issuing bank and the beneficiary. The relationship between the guarantee contract and the relationship between the other banks and the issuing bank and the beneficiary in the case of other banks. The rights and obligations of the issuing bank and the beneficiary under the standby letter of credit are determined in full accordance with the conditions listed in the standby letter of credit. For this reason, the beneficiary shall submit the documents. Regulations
WP=4
It is the core content of the terms of the standby letter of credit. The different terms of payment determine the benefits and risks that the beneficiary can obtain, and also determine the degree of the independence of the standby letter of credit on the basis of the basic contract. The addition of the non document conditions in the standby letter of credit makes the standby letter completely abandon the characteristics of independence and thus The advantages brought about as a guarantee without two of the traditional guarantee. There is a certain debate on what is the definition of non document conditions, or in what case the bank's payment depends on the basic contract. Limited to single payment, the bank's payment obligation is independent of the basic contract; a view is that a document that the beneficiary needs to submit is itself a confirmation of the rights and obligations under the basic contract, and the payment under the standby letter of credit is to rely on the.ISP98 of the basic contract from the perspective of the bank operation and adopt the previous one. The risk is that, from the beneficiary's point of view, a standby letter of credit will not guarantee the right to be paid, and its financial function is also dead. The standby letter of credit will result in its loss of shortcuts and certainty. To some extent, it affects the value of its existence.
There are many problems in the operation of the standby letter of credit, such as the presentation and review of the documents, the transfer of the right of the beneficiary and the transfer of money, and the fraud and abuse of the beneficiary. The problems in these operations are similar to those under the traditional commercial credit. The beneficiary's hints should be in accordance with the letter. The bank's audit should be in accordance with the principle of uniform and strict conformity in the manner specified in the form of a certificate. The transfer of the right of payment refers to the transfer of the right of the beneficiary to the bill of credit and the right to pay for payment to another person, and the transfer refers to the transfer of the credit under the case of payment. The right still belongs to the original beneficiary; in the case of fraud and abuse of the beneficiary, the bank may decide to dismiss the payment obligation to the beneficiary by itself or in accordance with the arrest warrant of the court.
There is hardly any stipulation on the standby letter of credit in China law, but the law has left space for the legitimacy of the standby letter of credit. In practice, the Bank of our country began to use the standby letter of credit in accordance with the international practice since 80s. However, the court of our country has made a distinction between international and domestic on the problem of the validity of the standby letter of credit. It is disadvantageous to the effectiveness of the standby letter of credit opened in domestic economic activities. This practice is not conducive to the integration of the international practice and the spirit of the international conventions and conventions. To promote the use of ISP98, we should speed up domestic legislation in accordance with international conventions and conventions to guide and restrict the use of standby letters of credit.

【学位授予单位】：对外经济贸易大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：D996

【引证文献】

中国硕士学位论文全文数据库 前3条

1 纪建勇;备用信用证应用及其风险研究[D];天津财经大学;2010年

2 祝阳;福费廷融资主要法律问题研究[D];西南政法大学;2006年

3 徐奕;ISP98下开证人的法律地位研究[D];湖南师范大学;2010年

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