碳关税：WTO法与国内法的相互制约和映射

发布时间：2018-05-12 12:54

本文选题：碳关税 + 贸易规则　；参考：《中国人民大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：2009年,美国政府颁布了《清洁能源安全法案》,规定美国将于2020年针对从法律中所列的清单国家进口的清单产品征收碳关税。这一规定,在国际社会中立刻掀起了轩然大波。自美国单方面拒绝《京都议定书》以后,美国的国际碳信誉始终不是很好,在碳减排方面美国的态度也始终暧昧不明。但是这一次,美国却对碳减排表现出积极的态度,不仅规定国内清单产品的生产商应当向政府缴纳一定数额的碳税,还规定进口商也应当为其所进口的有关产品缴纳碳关税。由此,引发了一系列的问题。这一规定究竟是美国在面临日益严重的全球环境问题主动承担起了大国责任的表现,还是另有所图?同时,面对竞争日益激烈的国际贸易,这一规定对于世界环境以及国际贸易和其他国家有关的法律制度将会产生什么样的影响?“碳关税”在促进国际碳减排方面可以起到多大的作用?是否会给国际贸易带来不正当的影响?美国的“碳关税”制度是否与WTO相关的贸易规则相一致?并且这一制度是否会在国际社会中产生连锁性效应,造成别的国家也相继争相制定“碳关税”征收机制?这些都是国际社会所热切关注的问题。目前,国内已有的关于碳关税的讨论主要着眼于碳关税的定性问题,从数理和统计的角度分析美国碳关税制度的征收背景、征收原因以及可能造成的影响。而从国内法和国际法的关系角度对“碳关税”的有关法律问题予以分析本文尚数首次。在国际上,尽管已经有学者就此问题进行了分析,但是并未进一步对相关的立法问题予以探讨。本文以碳关税为切点,以国际法和国内法之间相互关系的有关理论为基础,结合具体的案例和实例,对碳关税制度和WTO相关法规之间相互交叉和相互制约的关系予以讨论,具有理论创新的意义。详细而言,本文旨在通过对碳关税相关理论及制度设计问题的论述,讨论碳关税背后所折射出的WTO法律与内国法之间的关系问题,并进一步阐发,讨论在全球倡导低碳经济的新形势下,我国应当如何以国内法回应WTO的相关规定,从而既能确保我国现有的贸易机制可以受到碳关税征收最小限度的负面影响,又能在此基础之上,寻找到一条自己的求生之路。为此,本文主要包含以下几方面的内容: 第1章,从碳关税的产生的时代背景和法律理论依据说起,结合美国业已颁布的相关碳关税法律法规,讨论碳关税形成的原因和基本制度设计; 第2章,结合“美国-汽油案”“美国-虾案”“美国超级基金案”等相关案例讨论碳关税作为一项单边内国法措施,是否符合GATT1994的相关规定,以及国内法、WTO法和国际环境法的相互制约问题; 第3章,从欧盟国家有关碳税的征收实例出发,并结合国际法与国内法关系的有关理论,讨论欧盟国家是否有可能进一步起征碳关税; 第4章,系统分析碳关税的征收对我国可能造成的影响,并结合国内法与国际法相互关系的有关理论讨论我国可采取的积极应对措施,并就我国是否应当开征“碳关税”的问题进行了讨论。本文的特色和创新之处主要体现在以下几个方面: 1、碳关税是一项尚未实际实施的制度,尽管在理论界和实践界已经引起了众人的热议,但是目前有关碳关税的系统性研究依旧屈指可数,因此,本文的研究方向属于理论界比较具有前瞻性的研究。 2、已有的有关碳关税的研究,主要是将重点放在了有关碳关税的定性及其可能带来的影响方面,而本文则将重心放在了碳关税背后所折射出的WTO法律制度与内国法律制度的关系,具有独到之处。 3、已有的研究中,主要是泛泛地,从国际法基本理论的角度讨论了国际法与国内法的关系问题,而本文则从碳关税一个较小的切点出发,以之为例,以小见大,探讨在WTO框架下,国际法与国内法的互制问题,研究思路较为新颖。 4、在对碳关税问题背后所折射出的WTO法与国内法之间的互制关系进行分析之后,文章还将试图对我国在未来如何应对碳关税、在计划征收碳税之后是否还应计划征收碳关税以及从碳税到碳关税之间的理论和实践距离予以分析,并提出自己的意见和见解。
[Abstract]:In 2009, the United States government promulgated the clean energy security act, which stipulates that the United States will impose a carbon tariff on the list products imported from the list countries listed in the law in 2020. This rule sets off a big wave in the international community. Since the United States unilaterally refuses the Kyoto Protocol, the international carbon reputation of the United States has never been found. The United States has always been ambiguous in terms of carbon emission reduction, but this time the United States has shown a positive attitude towards carbon emission reduction, not only stipulating that producers of domestic inventory products should pay a certain amount of carbon tax to the government, but also that importers should also pay carbon tariffs for the related products they import. A series of questions. Is this a rule that the United States has taken the initiative to take on the responsibility of a major global environment in the face of increasingly serious global environmental issues, or does it have another picture? At the same time, what will happen to the world environment and the legal system of international trade and other countries in the face of increasingly competitive international trade How does the "carbon tariff" play a role in promoting international carbon emissions? Will it bring unfair effects on international trade? Is the US "carbon tariff" system consistent with the WTO related trade rules? And whether this system will produce a chain effect in the international community and cause other countries to do the same Following the scrambling for the "carbon tariff" levy mechanism, these are all issues of great concern to the international community.
At present, the domestic discussion on carbon tariff is mainly focused on the qualitative problem of carbon tariff. From the point of view of mathematical and statistical analysis, the background of the collection of carbon tariff system in the United States, the causes and the possible effects are analyzed, and the relevant legal problems of carbon tariff are analyzed from the angle of the relationship between domestic and international law. For the first time, in the world, although some scholars have analyzed the problem, there is no further discussion on the relevant legislative issues. This paper takes carbon tariff as a point of view, based on the relevant theories of the relationship between international law and domestic law, combined with specific cases and examples, between the carbon tariff system and the WTO related laws and regulations. It is of theoretical significance to discuss the relationship of interleaving and restricting each other.
In detail, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the relationship between the WTO law and the internal law, which is reflected in the carbon tariff, and further elucidate how our country should respond to the relevant provisions of the WTO under the new situation of the global advocacy of low carbon economy. To ensure that the existing trade mechanism in China can be negatively affected by the minimum carbon tariff, and on the basis of this, it can find a way of survival. This article mainly contains the following aspects:
The first chapter, from the background of the generation of carbon tariff and the legal theory basis, combined with the relevant carbon tariff laws and regulations issued by the United States, discusses the reasons for the formation of carbon tariff and the design of the basic system.
The second chapter, combined with the "American gasoline case" "American shrimp case" "American Super Fund case" and other related cases, discuss whether carbon tariff is a unilateral national law measure, whether it meets the relevant provisions of GATT1994, and the mutual restriction of domestic law, WTO law and international environmental law.
The third chapter, from the EU countries on the collection of carbon tax examples, and combined with the relevant theories of international law and domestic law, to discuss whether the EU countries are likely to further levy carbon tariffs;
In the fourth chapter, a systematic analysis of the possible effects of carbon tariff on our country and the relevant theories on the relationship between domestic and international laws are discussed, and the problem of China's "carbon tariff" should be discussed.
The characteristics and innovations of this article are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1, carbon tariff is a system that has not been put into practice. Although the theoretical and practical circles have aroused the hot discussion in the world, the systematic research on carbon tariff is still numbered. Therefore, the research direction of this paper belongs to the more forward-looking research in the theoretical circle.
2, the existing research on carbon tariffs mainly focuses on the qualitative and possible effects of carbon tariffs, while this article focuses on the relationship between the WTO legal system and the internal legal system, which is reflected behind the carbon tariff.
3, the existing research, mainly in general, discussed the relationship between international law and domestic law from the perspective of the basic theory of international law, and this article starts from a small cutting point of carbon tariff, taking it as an example, and discussing the problem of the mutual system of international law and domestic law under the framework of WTO, and the research ideas are new.
4, after the analysis of the mutual relationship between the WTO law and the domestic law, which is reflected behind the carbon tariff, the article will also try to analyze the theory and practice distance between the carbon tariff and the carbon tax, and the theoretical and practical distance between the carbon tax and the carbon tariff after the plan collection of carbon tax. Own opinion and opinion.

【学位授予单位】：中国人民大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996.3

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