国际人权法视野中的我国未成年人刑事诉讼权利保障

发布时间：2018-05-13 19:24

本文选题：未成年人 + 刑事诉讼权利　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：未成年人司法制度是一国法律体系的重要组成部分，是衡量该国司法制度发达程度的标尺之一。其中，对未成年犯罪嫌疑人、被告人在刑事诉讼中的正当权益进行实体和程序上的保护，是未成年司法制度的主要内容。我们知道，由于未成年人生理和心理上的特殊性，犯罪之后具有较大的可塑性和接受教育的可能性，所以，在办理未成年人刑事案件时，应当本着保护未成年人身心健康的宗旨，在公正的前提下，突出教育性。为此，联合国本着保障未成年人身心健康发展的宗旨，相继通过了一系列国际公约和法律文件，如《儿童权利公约》、《北京规则》等。专门规定了有别于成年人犯罪的刑事诉讼指导原则以及保护刑事诉讼中未成年人的要求，在惩罚犯罪的同时，还要照顾未成年人的特殊性，以有利于他们身心发展的方式进行教育矫正，使其顺利回归社会。我国未成年人司法制度还处于发展的初期，尚未从普通刑事司法体系中独立出来。目前我国还没有建立专门的未成年人刑事诉讼权利保障体系，在立法层面缺乏独立、统一规范的约束，司法实践中也缺乏指导保护未成年人犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的特殊指导原则以及完备、具体的程序，对于未成年人在刑事诉讼中权利的保护仍面临许多问题。本文以联合国有关未成年人刑事诉讼权利保护的国际公约和文件为标准，对我国现行的未成年人刑事诉讼权利保护的立法规定和司法现状进行了反思，通过对《儿童权利公约》、《北京规则》、《联合国保护被剥夺自由少年规则》等公约、文件内容的分析，立足于本国实际，指出了对照国际标准，我国在未成年人的刑事诉讼权利保护方面存在的不足，并就如何完善立法与改进司法方面提出了自己的构想。具体说来，本文共分四个部分：第一部分阐述了国际人权法中有关未成年人刑事诉讼权利保障的内容，粗略介绍了国际人权法上有关未成年人刑事诉讼权利保障的主要公约和文件，及该公约、文件中关于未成年人的定义，随后阐述了以上公约、文件中有关未成年人刑事司法的主要精神以及具体规定，包括：儿童最大利益原则、未成年人在刑事诉讼中的基本权益、特殊诉讼程序的设置等。第二部分是对我国未成年人刑事立法和司法现状的考察，在总结我国未成年人刑事法律现状的基础之上，分别从立法和司法两方面指出了目前我国未成年人司法制度方面存在的不足：在立法方面，还存着在缺乏系统性、可操作性、立法内容上缺少必要的指导原则和特殊权利等问题；在司法方面，，专门机构以及专职人员的不完备、司法制度实施多有障碍以及执行阶段存在的问题都尚待解决。第三部分探讨了以国际标准为参照的必要性，以及建议借鉴国际人权法中确立的未成年人刑事司法原则，具体包括：儿童最大利益原则、双向保护原则、非刑事化原则、分离原则以及迅速简约原则。第四部分，是本文的重点，笔者提出了完善我国未成年人刑事诉讼权利保障机制的建议，分别从完善我国未成年人刑事立法体系、科学配置专门机构、完善我国未成年人刑事诉讼制度以及实施多样化的刑罚执行方式四个方面展开论述。尤其是在实现对未成年罪犯非刑罚处罚方面，对于完善社区矫正制度，笔者提出了与高校合作建立教育矫正园区的构想，即在现有的社区矫正制度之下，司法机关可以突破社区环境的不特定性，联合高校，建立教育矫正园区作为专门的未成年人社区矫正场所。
[Abstract]:The judicial system of minors is an important part of the legal system of a country and one of the yardsticks to measure the degree of the development of the judicial system in the country. Among them, the substantive and procedural protection of the legitimate rights and interests of the juvenile suspects and the accused in the criminal proceedings is the main content of the juvenile judicial system. The physical and psychological particularity of the people of the year has great plasticity and the possibility of receiving education after the crime. So, when dealing with juvenile criminal cases, it should be based on the purpose of protecting the physical and mental health of the minors and underline the educational nature under the premise of justice. Therefore, the United Nations should have guaranteed the healthy development of the minors' physical and mental health. A series of international conventions and legal documents have been adopted, such as the Convention on the rights of the child, the Beijing rules, etc., which specifically stipulate the guiding principles of criminal proceedings different from adult crime and the protection of minors in criminal proceedings. While punishing crimes, they should take care of the particularity of the minors so as to facilitate their physical and mental health. The way of development is educational correction so that it can return to society smoothly.
The judicial system of minors in China is still in the early stage of development and has not been independent from the common criminal justice system. At present, our country has not established a special protection system for the rights of juvenile criminal litigation. It lacks independent, unified and normative constraints in the legislative level, and there is also a lack of guidance to protect juvenile suspects in judicial practice. The defendant's special guiding principles as well as complete and specific procedures still face many problems for the protection of minors' rights in criminal proceedings.
This article, based on the United Nations international conventions and documents concerning the protection of the rights of minors in criminal proceedings, reflects on the legislative provisions and judicial status of the protection of the rights of juvenile criminal litigation in China, through the Convention on the Convention on the rights of children, the Beijing rules, the United Nations rules for the protection of the juvenile deprived of freedom and so on, The analysis of the content, based on the reality of the country, points out the shortcomings of the protection of the criminal litigation rights of the minors in China as opposed to the international standards, and puts forward their own ideas on how to perfect the legislation and improve the judicature. In particular, this article is divided into four parts:
The first part expounds the contents of the protection of the rights of juvenile criminal litigation in international human rights law, briefly introduces the main conventions and documents concerning the protection of the rights of juvenile criminal proceedings in international human rights law, and the definition of minors in the document, and then expounds the above convention, and the juvenile punishment in the document. The main spirit and specific provisions of judicial affairs include the principle of the greatest interests of children, the basic rights and interests of minors in criminal proceedings, and the setting of special proceedings.
The second part is the investigation of the criminal legislation and judicial status of minors in our country. On the basis of summarizing the status of the criminal law of minors in our country, it points out the shortcomings of the present juvenile judicial system in our country from two aspects of legislation and judicature. In legislation, there is still a lack of systematicness, operability and legislation. The content lacks the necessary guiding principles and special rights. In the field of justice, the specialized agencies and the full-time staff are not complete, the judicial system has many obstacles to implement and the problems in the implementation stage are still to be solved.
The third part discusses the necessity of taking international standards as the reference, and proposes to draw on the principles of juvenile criminal justice established in the international human rights law, including the principle of the greatest interests of children, the principle of two-way protection, the principle of non criminalization, the principle of separation and the rapid and simple principle.
The fourth part is the key point of this article. The author puts forward some suggestions to improve the protection mechanism of the rights of juvenile criminal litigation in China, which are discussed from four aspects: perfecting the criminal legislation system of the juvenile in our country, scientifically configuring the specialized agencies, perfecting the criminal procedure system of the minors in our country and implementing the multi pattern of punishment execution mode. Especially in the realization of non penal punishment for juvenile offenders, for the improvement of community correction system, the author puts forward the idea of establishing an education and correction park with colleges and universities. That is, under the existing community correction system, the judicial organs can break through the unspecific nature of the community environment, the joint colleges and universities, and the establishment of the education and correction Park as a special special. A community correctional place for a minor.

【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D998.2;D925.2

【参考文献】