1966年联合国人权两公约的实施

发布时间：2018-05-21 17:37

本文选题：公民权利和政治权利国际公约 + 经济　；参考：《武汉大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：国际人权法的兴起是20世纪国际法发展的主要标志之一。1966年通过的《公民权利和治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》(以下简称为两公约)确认了人权的基本特征,并成为无数国际人权条约的基础。然而,再完善的公约如果得不到有效实施也只能是一纸空文。自两公约生效的那一刻起,实施问题就成为了国际社会共同关注的焦点。多年来,国际团体和人权组织一直在呼吁“把人权带回家”。对于两公约缔约国而言,如何在坚持国家主权与切实保障人权之间找到适当的平衡是它们最关心的问题。对两公约实施机制的相关国际法律制度进行全面、深入的研究无论是对于两公约的发展前景,还是对于中国人权法律制度的改革和政策选择都具有重要的意义。本文分为导论,正文和结论三个部分,其中正文共有五章。导论部分首先提出论文所要研究的问题,就与本研究相关的主要文献进行述评,并简要介绍论文的研究思路、研究方法和结构安排。第一章对人权条约实施、人权条约监督、人权条约遵守的基本概念进行初步界定并阐述三者之间的关系。人权条约的实施是指通过具体措施落实和保证人权条约的义务得到履行的过程。人权条约的监督是指人权条约机构建立的用于监测人权标准在缔约国国内的遵守情况的所有程序。人权条约的遵守是指缔约国的行为符合人权条约的相关规定。在整个人权条约体系中,人权的监督和实施相辅相成,监督是为了促进人权条约更好的实施。人权条约的实施和遵守不同,实施的最终目的是实现遵守,但遵守不以实施为前提,不实施有时也可能出现遵守的效果。第二章探讨两公约的实施要求。公民权利和政治权利与经济、社会、文化权利相互依存,不可分割。对于两公约的实施不能用截然分立的观点来看待。《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约任择议定书》和国际实践有力地证实了经济、社会、文化权利与公民权利和政治权利一样具有可裁决性。两公约分别设置了专门的监督机制来促进公约的履行。尽管设立的背景和发展过程不同,随着时间的推移,两公约的监督模式逐步走向趋同。但两公约都存在大量的迟延提交报告、报告质量差等问题,国家间指控从未启动,个人来文程序的利用率不高。第三章分析两公约及其条约机构的决定在缔约国实施的情况。加入两公约意味着缔约国要从立法、司法、行政等多个层面落实两公约的要求。在立法层面上,一元论和二元论的国家采取不同的方式使公约在国内得以适用。在司法层面上,两公约被许多缔约国用来解释相关的国内法律规范,还有的国家将其作为司法判决的直接渊源。在行政措施方面,缔约国通过采取各种人权计划,设立国家人权机构等方式保证两公约的履行。两公约人权机构的决定是考察两公约实施中不可或缺的组成部分。无论是一般性意见、结论性意见还是针对个人来文做出的意见,各缔约国对其法律效力有不同的看法和实践。但总体上,两公约人权机构的决定被认为没有法律拘束力,缔约国没有履行这些决定的义务。第四章结合缔约国的实践考察两公约的实施效果。判断两公约实施效果的工具是人权指标,两公约的法律框架中均包含了人权指标的内容。但是,信息收集的准确性和衡量领域的广泛性直接影响人权指标的合理性和衡量结果。从直接效果的角度上看,两公约对缔约国影响的程度不一。积极参与两公约体系的国家实施效果明显,而很少涉足两公约体系的国家显示的实施效果很弱。但在间接效果方面,两公约增强了人权意识,促进了人权的普遍性,宣示了人权保障标准的认同。影响两公约实施的因素很多,缺乏实施公约的政治意愿和国内实施制度上的障碍以及两公约人权机构的制度性缺陷妨碍了两公约的有效实施。应当鼓励缔约国积极参与两公约体系,充分发挥非政府组织以及其他非国家实体在人权动员方面的作用。两公约人权机构应恪守职权并采取适当的措施提高工作效率。第五章探讨《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》在中国的实施概况。作为《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》的缔约国,中国已经采取了积极的措施履行该公约下的义务。然而,事实证明中国在经济、社会、文化权利的保障方面和该公约的要求仍然存在一定的差距。中国应完善经济、社会、文化权利的相关立法,通过调解和司法救济相结合的方式促进经济、社会、文化权利的司法救济,在适当的时候建立独立的国家人权机构促进该公约在中国的实施。结论部分对全文的主要内容简要作出总结,阐明全文的主要观点,根据新近召开的第十八届四中全会,分析中国人权尤其是公民权利和政治权利的保护趋势,并提出尚未解决的问题。
[Abstract]:The rise of international human rights law is one of the main symbols of the development of international law in twentieth Century. The International Covenant on Civil and governance rights and the International Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights (hereinafter referred to as the two Convention), one of the main symbols of the development of international law in twentieth Century, confirmed the basic characteristics of human rights and became the basis of numerous international treaties on human rights. However, the re perfected conventions, such as the two The implementation of the two convention has become the focus of the international community. For many years, international organizations and human rights organizations have been calling for "bringing human rights home". For the two parties to the Convention, how to adhere to the sovereignty of the state and ensure the effective protection of human rights To find a proper balance between them is their most concern. A comprehensive and in-depth study of the relevant international legal systems of the implementation mechanism of the two conventions is of great significance to the prospects for the development of the two conventions, or to the reform and policy selection of the Chinese legal system for human rights.
This article is divided into three parts: introduction, main body and conclusion. There are five chapters in the body.
The introductory part first puts forward the problems to be studied in the paper, reviews the main literature related to the research, and briefly introduces the research ideas, research methods and structural arrangements of the paper.
The first chapter defines the basic concepts of the implementation of human rights treaties, human rights treaties, and the basic concepts of human rights treaties. The implementation of the human rights treaties refers to the implementation and guarantee of the implementation of the obligations of the human rights treaties through specific measures. The supervision of human rights treaties refers to the establishment of the human rights treaty bodies for the use of the three. The observance of human rights standards in the state of the State Party in all procedures. The compliance of the human rights treaties refers to the compliance of the States parties with the relevant provisions of the human rights treaty. In the whole human rights treaty system, the supervision and implementation of human rights complement each other, and the supervision is to promote the better implementation of the human rights treaties. The implementation and compliance of human rights treaties are different, The ultimate goal of implementation is compliance, but compliance is not based on implementation, nor does it sometimes result in compliance.
The second chapter discusses the requirements for the implementation of the two conventions. Civil and political rights are interdependent and inseparable from the economic, social and cultural rights. The implementation of the two conventions cannot be viewed with a completely separate view. The Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights and international practice strongly confirm the economic, social and cultural rights. Interest is as verjudicable as civil and political rights. The two conventions set up special supervisory mechanisms to promote the implementation of the Convention. Although the background and process of development are different, the two conventions are gradually moving towards convergence with the passage of time. But the two conventions have a large amount of delay in submitting reports and the quality of the reports. Problems such as differences have not been initiated between countries, and the utilization rate of personal communication procedures is not high.
The third chapter analyzes the implementation of the decisions of the two conventions and their treaty bodies in the States parties. The accession to the two conventions means that the States parties should implement the requirements of the two conventions from the legislative, judicial and administrative levels. At the legislative level, the monism and the dualism take different ways to make the Convention applicable at home. At the judicial level, The two convention is used by many states parties to explain the relevant domestic legal norms, and the other countries regard it as the direct source of judicial decisions. In administrative measures, the state party guarantees the implementation of the two conventions by adopting various human rights plans and setting up national human rights institutions. The decision of the two public human rights institutions is to examine the implementation of the two conventions. It is an indispensable component. Whether the general opinion, the concluding opinion or the opinion made on the individual communication, the States parties have different views and practices on their legal effects. However, in general, the decisions of the two covenant human rights bodies are considered to have no legal binding force and the State Party has not fulfilled the obligations of these decisions.
The fourth chapter examines the implementation effect of the two conventions in accordance with the practice of the States parties. The tools for judging the effectiveness of the two conventions are human rights indicators, and the content of human rights indicators is included in the legal framework of the two conventions. However, the accuracy of the information collection and the scope of the measurement directly affect the rationality and measurement of the human rights indicators. At the point of view, the two conventions have different degrees of impact on the States parties. The countries actively participating in the two convention system have a clear effect, while those rarely involved in the two convention system show a weak effect. But in the indirect effect, the two conventions enhance the awareness of human rights, promote the universality of human rights, and proclaim the standards of human rights protection. There are many factors affecting the implementation of the two conventions, the lack of political will to implement the Convention and the obstacles to the implementation of the system, as well as the institutional defects of the two Convention on human rights, which impede the effective implementation of the two conventions. The States parties should be encouraged to participate actively in the two convention system and to give full play to non-governmental organizations and other non state entities. The role of rights mobilization. Two the human rights institutions of the Convention should abide by their duties and take appropriate measures to improve their efficiency.
The fifth chapter discusses the implementation of the International Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights in China. As a state party to the International Convention on economic, social and cultural rights, China has taken active measures to fulfil its obligations under the Convention. However, it has proved that China's requirements for economic, social, cultural rights and the requirements of the Convention still remain. There is a certain gap. China should improve the relevant legislation of economic, social and cultural rights, promote the judicial relief of economic, social and cultural rights through the combination of mediation and judicial relief, and establish an independent national human rights institution to promote the implementation of the Convention in China at a proper time.
The conclusion briefly summarizes the main contents of the full text, clarifies the main views of the full text, and analyses the protection trend of Chinese human rights, especially the civil and political rights, and puts forward the unsolved problems, according to the newly held eighteenth session of the Fourth Plenary Session of the fourth plenary session.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D998.2

【参考文献】