普遍管辖权的范围及适用研究

发布时间：2018-05-26 00:42

本文选题：普遍管辖权 + 适用　；参考：《吉林大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：普遍管辖权就是针对国际社会所公认的特定国际罪行，不论犯罪人的国籍、犯罪行为的发生地或者被害人的国籍，各国都可以行使管辖权。普遍管辖权虽然不要求属人或者属地等密切的联系要素就可行使，但“平等者之间无管辖权”依然是国际法的一项基本准则，因而一国不能随意的行使普遍管辖权。普遍管辖权的合法性基础在于习惯国际法或者国际条约。普遍管辖权是伴随国际社会为了打击特定的国际犯罪而产生而发展的。随着人类文明的不断推进，普遍管辖权是当今国际社会共同打击有罪不罚、逍遥法外方面的重要工具。尽管国际社会认识到了普遍管辖权的基本价值，但是对于普遍管辖权的范围，国际社会仍然存在着一定的分歧。本文将指出，普遍管辖权自开始就是国家之间因为打击海盗等犯罪的需要而逐渐形成的一种共识，因而国家是行使普遍管辖权的主体。普遍管辖权是不同于国际刑事法院等特定的国际刑事审判机构的管辖权的。对于国家究竟可以对那些国际犯罪行使普遍管辖权，本文将讨论关于适用普遍管辖权之国际犯罪的四种判断标准，即犯罪的严重性、犯罪逃脱惩罚的可能性、犯罪是否违反了国际强行法、习惯国际法和国际条约的规定四个标准，并指出对于某一国际犯罪是否使用普遍管辖权，还是要从习惯国际法和国际条约中寻找根据。同时本文还将对各国所提及较多的海盗罪、战争罪、灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪等四种罪名进行探讨。普遍管辖权的适用在世界范围内并不平均，欧洲国家，，尤其是西欧国家行使普遍管辖权的情况较多。国际非政府组织在普遍管辖权的适用过程中也发挥了重要力量。但是普遍管辖权在适用的过程中也存在诸多障碍，本文将会讨论立法方面的差异、司法成本大、刑事司法协助的困难性、与豁免权存在的冲突、政治方面的影响等几个适用普遍管辖权的障碍。为了更好的适用普遍管辖权，各国必须在普遍管辖权的过程中最大程度的尊重主权，并从适用有限的普遍管辖权等几个方面来解决普遍管辖权适用的障碍。中国作为联合国安理会常任理事国，在打击国际犯罪方面也发挥着举足轻重的作用。但是中国国内普遍管辖权的立法仍然存在一些问题。为了更好的行使普遍管辖权，中国必须从健全国内立法等方面着手，完善适用普遍管辖权的法律制度，从而更好的发挥我国在打击国际犯罪、维护国际社会秩序方面的作用。
[Abstract]:Universal jurisdiction is the exercise of jurisdiction over specific international crimes recognized by the international community, regardless of the nationality of the perpetrator, the place where the crime took place or the nationality of the victim. Although universal jurisdiction does not require the exercise of such closely related elements as personal or territoriality, "no jurisdiction between equals" remains a fundamental norm of international law, and a State cannot exercise universal jurisdiction at will. Universal jurisdiction was based on customary international law or international treaties. Universal jurisdiction is accompanied by the development of the international community in order to combat specific international crimes. With the development of human civilization, universal jurisdiction is an important tool for the international community to fight impunity and impunity. Although the international community recognized the fundamental value of universal jurisdiction, there were still differences in its scope. It will be noted in this paper that universal jurisdiction has been a common understanding between States since the beginning, as a result of the need to combat crimes such as piracy, and thus the State is the subject of the exercise of universal jurisdiction. Universal jurisdiction is different from the jurisdiction of a particular international criminal jurisdiction such as the International Criminal Court. As to whether a State can exercise universal jurisdiction over those international crimes, this paper will discuss four criteria for judging international crimes to which universal jurisdiction applies, namely, the seriousness of the crime, the possibility of impunity for the crime, Whether the crime violates international jus cogens, customary international law and the provisions of international treaties, and points out whether universal jurisdiction is used in respect of an international crime, or whether to seek a basis from customary international law and international treaties. At the same time, this article will discuss four crimes of piracy, war crime, genocide and crimes against humanity. The application of universal jurisdiction is not even in the world, European countries, especially Western European countries, exercise universal jurisdiction more often. International NGOs also play an important role in the application of universal jurisdiction. However, there are many obstacles to the application of universal jurisdiction. This paper will discuss the differences in legislation, the high judicial cost, the difficulty of criminal judicial assistance, and the conflict between immunity and immunity. Political implications and other obstacles to the application of universal jurisdiction. In order to better apply universal jurisdiction, States must respect sovereignty to the greatest extent in the process of universal jurisdiction, and solve the obstacles to the application of universal jurisdiction from several aspects, such as the application of limited universal jurisdiction. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China also plays a pivotal role in combating international crime. However, there are still some problems in the legislation of universal jurisdiction in China. In order to better exercise universal jurisdiction, China must start from the aspects of domestic legislation and perfect the legal system of applying universal jurisdiction, so as to play a better role in cracking down on international crimes and maintaining international social order.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D997.9

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