WTO国民待遇原则探析

发布时间：2018-05-28 14:15

本文选题：国民待遇原则 + 同类产品　；参考：《中国社会科学院研究生院》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：作为WTO非歧视原则之一，国民待遇原则在维系市场竞争机会均等、消除贸易保护主义方面发挥着重要作用，其内涵丰富、由来已久。《法国民法典》最先确立国民待遇原则，随后，欧洲各国也纷纷在法律上确立这一原则。嗣后GATT把有关国民待遇的相关问题纳入到《国际贸易组织宪章》。其中的第三条被WTO继承和发展，同时将国民待遇引入到诸多领域，拓展了国民待遇的适用范围和内容。本文首先归纳了GATT第3条货物贸易领域中的国民待遇原则。GATT第3.1条划定适用国民待遇的范围：仅限于国内的税收和政策，，不能实施本国产品保护以及抵制外国产品的相关措施。第3.2条规定国内相关税收。第3.4条具体规定国内法律、法规和对国民待遇的适用。从GATT到WTO，国民待遇在认定标准上经历了不断改革的过程，其改革的重点是对同类产品认定标准的改进。同类产品认定标准的变化，先是遵循了1970年“边境税调整案（BISD18S/97）”的标准，然后是90年代引入了目标与效果方法，而后又放弃返至“边境税调整案（BISD18S/97）”标准。这样一个由封闭走向开放的过程说明专家组和上诉机构在国民待遇审查过程中，努力尝试处理国内管理自治与自由贸易之间的关系。在这样的趋势下，笔者建议同类产品认定的发展可以借鉴Gaetan Verhoosel提出的综合必需性审查的思路。此外，笔者认为对于国民待遇的最新发展情况，争端解决机构和WTO机构可以做出法律更新和认定，共同推进国民待遇制度朝着一个更稳定、更透明、更科学的方向发展。
[Abstract]:As one of the principles of non-discrimination in WTO, the principle of national treatment plays an important role in maintaining equal opportunities in market competition and eliminating trade protectionism, which has a long history. The principle of national treatment was first established in the French Civil Code. Subsequently, European countries have also established this principle in law. GATT later incorporated issues related to national treatment into the Charter of the International Trade Organization. The third one is inherited and developed by WTO, and the national treatment is introduced into many fields, which expands the scope and content of national treatment. This paper first summarizes the principles of national treatment in the field of GATT Article 3. Article 3.1 of GATT delimits the scope of application of national treatment: limited to domestic taxation and policies, can not implement the protection of domestic products and resist the relevant measures of foreign products. Article 3.2 provides for domestic taxes. Article 3.4 specifies domestic laws, regulations and the application of national treatment. From GATT to WTO, the national treatment has gone through the process of continuous reform in the recognition of standards, the focus of its reform is to improve the standards of similar products. The change in standards for similar products followed the 1970 BISD 18s / 97 standard, followed by the introduction of a goal and effect approach in the 1990s, and then abandoned the BISD 18 S / 97 standard. Such a process from closure to openness illustrates the efforts made by panels and appellate bodies to deal with the relationship between domestic regulatory autonomy and free trade in the national treatment review process. Under this trend, the author suggests that the development of similar products can draw lessons from the idea of comprehensive necessity examination proposed by Gaetan Verhoosel. In addition, the author believes that the latest development of national treatment, dispute settlement bodies and WTO bodies can make a legal update and recognition, together to promote the national treatment system towards a more stable, more transparent, more scientific direction.
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D996.1

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