晚清中国与国际公约

发布时间：2018-05-29 01:52

本文选题：晚清 + 国际公约　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：国际公约是在国际会议上,经过多国协商通过或签订,或是由国际组织制订,旨在处理和规定国际社会之共同事务的多边造法条约。一国对国际公约的参加和运用,直接反映了该国在世界上的地位、作用和影响。晚清时期是中国参与国际公约,对内推进相关立法、出台相关制度,对外承担国际责任的萌起和初步发展阶段。相对于19世纪中叶以来,中国在列强武力胁迫下,以签订不平等条约的方式被强行拖入国际社会而言,此一时期中国对国际公约的参与无疑开辟了一条相对主动且平等地进入国际社会的新途径。对晚清中国参与国际公约进行考察,不仅是我们理解近代中国与国际社会关系变迁的管钥,而且也能进一步拓展中外条约关系研究,并帮助我们从另一个角度来透视中国近代化的国家建设。研究这一时期中国在加入国际公约上表现出来的特点,总结其中的经验教训,能够为今天中国参与国际活动提供重要的参考。本文分绪论、正文、结语三个部分,对晚清时期中国与国际公约的关系进行探讨。绪论部分重点阐述了国际公约的内涵、参加、保留以及运用,介绍了选题意义,检视和分析了既有的研究状况,指出本文创新与不足之处,说明研究方法与研究思路。正文部分为上、下两篇,共七章。上篇四章,主要按照历史的纵向发展线索,以洋务运动、甲午战后、清末时期为时间坐标,分三个阶段回溯中国参加国际公约的历史脉络,把握其演化及特点。在此基础上,还重点对中国的内外环境及条件进行考察,探讨各阶段变化的根源,揭示政府及各方面人士对参加公约的主张和意见,并与国际法学相结合,从法律关系的视角,对这一时期中国与国际公约关系的构建进行纵向考察和横向剖析。具体而言：第一章交代晚清中国参与国际公约的宏观背景。指出19世纪中后期以来,国际会议频繁召开,系列国际公约得以制订,这些国际事务处理的新趋向为各国提供了一个融入国际社会、表现自我的大舞台。与此同时,中国在对外关系的处理上还背负着从传统向近代转型的重任,在与国际社会的关系处理上也经历了由隔拒到调适接轨、再到主动进入的转变,这是中国参与国际会议,接触或参加国际公约的又一重要基础和平台。第二章对洋务运动时期中国与国际公约的早期接触进行探讨。认为此一时期中国对国际会议的参与体现了“联络邦交”的主旨。而且在防御中进取的外交基调下,19世纪80年代之后中国开始接触国际公约的制订会议,并通过参与《国际海关税则出版联盟公约》,形成了参加国际公约的最初实践。第三章考察了甲午战后对国际公约的努力参加,指出此一时期中国开始从全球角度思考自己的位置,并逐渐生出融入国际社会的意识。在此影响下,中国不仅接受了《航海避碰章程》,而且还参与大规模的公约制订会议,并筹议和签署了第一次保和会系列国际公约,从而开启了参与国际公约的新阶段。第四章对清末期间中国与国际公约关系的拓展进行了翔实地考察。认为在自进于“文明国”的身份定位下,这一时期中国在参加国际公约方而,不仅数量大增,而且涉及的领域覆盖到了和解纷争、战争法规、农业等各方面,同时还承载了建构平等条约关系,谋求大国地位的使命。下篇共三章,主要从和解公断、战争法以及交通类国际公约三个横向侧而,考察中国在未参加公约前对国际公约相关规则的采用,以及公约缔结生效后对条约的宣传、推广及履行。重点探讨了中国援引国际公约,对内推进相关立法、出台相关制度,对外承担国际责任,按照国际公约规则展开交往和交涉,并逐渐近代化的过程。具体而言：第五章论述了中国对《和解公断条约》的运用。通过分析中国对和解公断条约的宣传、推广及期待、中外公断条约的议订以及中外之间涉及海牙公断的案例,探讨中国政府、外交人员及社会大众对主权与和平的诉求。第六章重点讨论《推广1864年日来弗原议行之于水战条约》、《关于医院船公约》、《红十字公约》、《陆地战例条约》及章程,以及海上捕获、中立等方面国际公约或规条的运用问题。本章旨在从19世纪中后期中国对战争法规的了解与实践、20世纪初公约在国内的宣传推广及配套法规的出台,以及日俄战争中清政府对战争法规公约的实践等方面,揭示中国在战争法公约规范下,遵守国际人道与文明的规则、融入国际社会的诚意。第七章集中探讨了中国对《航海避碰章程》、《万国邮政公约》以及《国际电报公约》等交通类国际公约的运用,从履行条约义务、调整国内相关立法以及参加国际活动等方面,把握晚清交通事业与世界进一步接轨的进程。结语部分概括了晚清中国参与国际公约的轨迹及其特点,讨论了国际公约与不平等条约的关系,以及中国参与国际公约与融入国际社会之关系。最后,总结了这段历史对当代中国参与国际公约,加强国际合作以及推进国内各领域的现代化建设的启示。
[Abstract]:International conventions are the multilateral law making treaties which are passed through or signed by multinational consultations or by international organizations to deal with and regulate the common affairs of the international community. The participation and application of a country to international conventions directly reflects the place, role and influence of the country in the world. In the late Qing Dynasty, China participated in the international community. Since the middle of the nineteenth Century, China has been dragged into the international community under the coercion of the strong force and signed the unequal treaties, which has undoubtedly opened up a article on the participation of the international conventions since the middle of the nineteenth Century. The study of China's participation in the international conventions in the late Qing Dynasty is not only a key to our understanding of the changes in the relationship between modern China and the international community, but also to further expand the study of the relations between China and foreign countries, and help us to examine the country's modernization in China from another perspective. In this period, the characteristics of China's accession to the International Convention and the summary of its experience and lessons can provide an important reference for China's participation in international activities today. This article is divided into three parts, introduction, text and conclusion, to discuss the relationship between China and international conventions in the late Qing Dynasty.
The introduction focuses on the connotation, participation, reservation and application of international conventions, introduces the significance of the topic, examines and analyzes the existing research situation, points out the innovation and shortcomings of this article, and explains the research methods and research ideas.
The text part is up, the next two chapters, a total of seven chapters.
The four chapter of the last chapter, mainly in accordance with the historical longitudinal clues, taking the Westernization Movement, the post-war of 1894 and the late Qing Dynasty as the time coordinate, traced the historical context of China's participation in international conventions, and grasped its evolution and characteristics. On this basis, it also focused on the internal and external environment and conditions of China, and explored the root of the changes in each stage. To reveal the views and opinions of the government and all aspects of the participation in the Convention, and to combine with international law, from the perspective of legal relations, the construction of the relationship between China and international conventions in this period is studied vertically and horizontally.
The first chapter explains the macro background of the participation of China in the international conventions in the late Qing Dynasty. It is pointed out that since the late nineteenth Century, the international conventions have been held frequently since the mid and late nineteenth Century, and the new trend of international conventions has provided a big dance platform for all countries to integrate into the international community and express themselves. At the same time, China is dealing with foreign relations. It also bears the responsibility of transforming from tradition to modern times, and has also experienced the transformation from the exclusion of adaptation to the international community, and then to the active entry. This is another important foundation and platform for China to participate in international conferences, to contact or to participate in international conventions.
The second chapter discusses the early contact between China and international conventions during the period of the Westernization Movement. It is considered that China's participation in international conferences in this period embodies the theme of "liaison diplomatic relations". And under the aggressive diplomatic tone of defense, China began to contact international conventions after 1880s and participated in the International Convention after 1880s. The Convention on publication of customs tariffs has formed the initial practice of participating in international conventions.
The third chapter examines the efforts of the international conventions after the Sino Japanese War, pointing out that China began to think about its position from a global point of view and gradually created a sense of integration into the international community. Under this influence, China not only accepted the Charter for maritime collision avoidance, but also participated in a large scale Convention and signed and signed the Convention. A series of international conventions of the peace keeping treaty opened up a new stage of participation in international conventions.
The fourth chapter examines the expansion of the relationship between China and international conventions during the late Qing Dynasty. It is believed that under the identity of the "civilized country", China has not only increased the number of international conventions in this period, but also covers the dispute over reconciliation, the laws and regulations of war, agriculture and other aspects. The mission of building equal treaty relations and seeking great power status.
The following three chapters, mainly from the three sides of the settlement of the arbitration, the law of war and the International Convention on traffic, examine the adoption of the relevant rules of the international conventions before the Convention, as well as the promotion and implementation of the treaty after the entry into force of the Convention. The system is responsible for international responsibility and carries out the process of interaction and negotiation in accordance with the rules of international conventions.
The fifth chapter discusses the application of China to the Treaty of the arbitration for reconciliation. Through the analysis of the publicity, promotion and expectation of the Treaty of the arbitration for reconciliation in China, the discussion of the arbitration treaties between China and foreign countries, and the cases involving the arbitration of Hague between China and foreign countries, the demands of the Chinese government, the diplomatic personnel and the public on the rights and the peace of the society are discussed.
The sixth chapter focuses on the discussion of the use of the Treaty of water war in 1864, the Treaty of water war, the Convention on hospital ships, the Red Cross convention, the Treaty of land war cases and the articles of association, and the application of international conventions or statutes in the areas of maritime capture and neutrality. This chapter aims at the understanding and practice of China's regulations on war in the late nineteenth Century and the early twentieth Century. The national publicity and promotion of the Convention and the introduction of relevant laws and regulations, as well as the practice of the Qing government in the war of war laws and regulations in the Japanese and Russian wars, have revealed China's compliance with the rules of International Humanitarianism and civilization under the norms of the law of war and the sincerity of the international community.
The seventh chapter focuses on the application of China's international conventions such as the Charter for collision avoidance, the Universal Postal Convention and the International Telegraph convention, and from the implementation of the treaty obligations, the adjustment of relevant domestic legislation and the participation in international activities, and the further progress of the late Qing transportation business with the world.
The concluding part summarizes the track and characteristics of China's participation in international conventions in the late Qing Dynasty, discusses the relationship between international conventions and unequal treaties, and the relationship between China's participation in international conventions and the integration of the international community. Finally, this section summarizes the history of contemporary China participating in international conventions, strengthening international cooperation and promoting the modernity of various fields in China. The Enlightenment of the chemical construction.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D99;D929

【参考文献】