《巴黎协定》国家自主贡献下的新市场机制探析

发布时间：2018-05-31 01:21

本文选题：巴黎协定 + 自主贡献　；参考：《中国人口·资源与环境》2017年09期

【摘要】：环境产权化理论与生态现代化理论演绎出的碳市场被奉为解决碳排放"负外部性"的有效手段。《京都议定书》开创了"自上而下"模式的国际碳市场,但因未充分尊重缔约方自主和平等参与而成为一个封闭的"碳交易俱乐部"。京都机制的实践不足与碳市场的理论争议引发《巴黎协定》碳市场存废之争。《巴黎协定》的"国家自主贡献"标志着全球气候治理由"强制约束"向"自觉责任"的转向。基于新履约模式,缔约方形成四种新市场机制方案:基线与信用及碳交易机制、基线与信用"自上而下"或"自下而上"机制以及国际碳交易机制。为保障有效减缓并兼顾自主与平等参与,《巴黎协定》建立了"自上而下"基线与信用机制,但采取了与京都机制"项目"基线不同的"部门"基线。新市场机制对信用交易不再特殊限定,尊重缔约方参与和适用的自愿性;且以"部门"的总量约束为准入门槛对所有缔约方统一要求,体现出平等参与的特点;减排单位中植入可持续发展标准从而对新机制实施的总体效益予以"硬约束"。新机制将促进部门内的减排单位统一,为国际碳市场奠定规则基础。但其市场淡化与可持续发展植入亦将影响国家及区域碳市场异质化发展,不利于国际碳市场构建,其背弃配额交易,独采信用交易亦会抑制碳货币形成。中国建立国家碳市场旨在促进能源市场化改革和产业结构调整,将有利于中国履行"碳强度"和"非化石能源比重"的自主承诺,还将扭转经济增长对高碳排放的依赖,为未来中国履行强制减排责任奠定基础。
[Abstract]:The carbon market derived from the theory of environmental property rights and ecological modernization is regarded as an effective means to solve the "negative externality" of carbon emissions. The Kyoto Protocol has created an international carbon market with a "top-down" model. But the lack of full respect for party autonomy and equal participation makes it a closed carbon trading club. The lack of practice of the Kyoto mechanism and the theoretical dispute over the carbon market have led to a dispute over the preservation and abolition of the carbon market. The "national contribution" of the Paris Agreement marks the shift from "compulsory restraint" to "conscious responsibility" in global climate governance. Based on the new compliance model, parties form four new market mechanism schemes: baseline and credit and carbon trading mechanism, baseline and credit "top-down" or "bottom-up" mechanism and international carbon trading mechanism. In order to ensure effective mitigation and balanced autonomy and equal participation, the Paris Accord established a "top-down" baseline and a credit mechanism, but adopted a "sectoral" baseline different from the "baseline" of the Kyoto "project". The new market mechanism is no longer specifically restricted to credit transactions, respects the voluntary nature of participation and application of parties, and has uniform requirements for all parties on the entry threshold of "sector" aggregates, reflecting the characteristics of equal participation; Sustainable development standards are embedded in emission-reducing units so that the overall benefits of the implementation of the new mechanism are "hard constrained". The new mechanism will promote the harmonization of emission reduction units within the sector and lay the regulatory foundation for the international carbon market. But its market desalination and sustainable development implantation will also affect the heterogeneous development of national and regional carbon market, which is not conducive to the construction of international carbon market. China's establishment of a national carbon market aimed at promoting market-oriented energy reform and industrial restructuring will help the country fulfil its independent commitments of "carbon intensity" and "proportion of non-fossil energy" and will reverse the dependence of economic growth on high-carbon emissions. Lay the foundation for China to fulfill its obligation to reduce emissions in the future.
【作者单位】：重庆大学法学院;
【基金】：教育部重大课题攻关项目“构建公平合理的国际气候治理体系研究”(批准号:15JZD035);教育部人文社科重点研究基地重大项目“一带一路倡议与国际经济法律制度创新”(批准号:16JJD820008) 科技部改革发展专项研发项目“巴黎会议后应对气候变化急迫重大问题研究”课题“中国深度参与全球气候治理制度建设的战略研究”
【分类号】：D996.9

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