国际海峡通行制度形成谈判中美国行为分析

发布时间：2018-06-13 09:18

  本文选题：第三次海洋法会议 + 海峡通行制度　； 参考：《北京外国语大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：《联合国海洋法公约》的第三部分对“用于国际航行的海峡”作了详细的规定,形成了一套完整的通行制度,直到今天仍然适用。参与公约制定的各国围绕海峡通行制度展开激烈的争论,作为海洋超级大国的美国也积极参与到制度制定过程中,而最终形成了过境通行制度对美国极为有利。作者主要关注国际海峡通行谈判中美国的谈判行为,并分析谈判结果对美国有利的原因。通过借鉴国际谈判分析理论,可以从三个层级对美国参与国际海峡通行谈判的行为进行分析。首先是“语境”分析,这是谈判发生时的背景、环境和基础,构成美国参与谈判的最基本的影响因素。该层级中,国际格局对美国不利。新独立的第三世界国家极力谋求对海洋的排他占有,单方面发布超越传统界限的宽领海声明,致使很多用于国际航行的海峡成为领海覆盖的海域,极大的限制了美国海军的活动范围。但美国迅速做出反应,调整海洋政策,积极谋求世界范围内的海洋法会议,期望能通过会议建立有利于自己的海洋制度,并且在海峡领域设定了清晰但概况性很强的谈判目标——自由通过国际海峡,这些行为使美国逐渐夺得谈判先机。其次是“架构、结构和关系”分析,这是谈判开展的中间层级,决定谈判展开的方向和具体方式。该层级中,美国积极参与海峡制度的构建,力争在每个环节中增加自己的影响力。具体做法是：积极调配人力,影响谈判的决策程序,谋求对谈判架构的主导权；同冷战中的“敌人”苏联、海洋大国英国和日本等联合在一起,共同抵制作为谈判对手的众多发展中国家的要求,争取自由地通过国际海峡。最后是“阶段”分析,通过借鉴公共政策理论中的“政策形成理论”,根据不同的时间节点可以进一步将其分为议程设置、制度形成、制度通过和制度评估四个子阶段。通过研究发现,美国充分利用自己超级大国的地位,在草案筹备会议中加入对其有利的议案;通过承认第三世界国家对专属经济区的有限控制和不断细化对自由航行的解释等手段使海峡沿岸国家逐渐放弃了最初坚持的无害通行制度,形成了充分体现美国利益的过境通行制度。总的来说,在国际海峡通行谈判发生时的全球和海洋格局对美国极为不利的背景下,美国通过对谈判进程的充分把握成功的扭转了最初的不利环境,基本上实现了其设定的谈判目标,形成了有利于自己的国际海峡通行制度。
[Abstract]:The third part of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea has made a detailed provision on the "Straits for international navigation", forming a complete system of passage that is still applicable to the present. The countries involved in the Convention have a heated debate around the passage system of the Straits, and the United States, as a superpower of the ocean, also actively participates in the formulation of the system. In the course of the process, the system of transit passage is of great benefit to the United States. The author focuses on the negotiation behavior of the United States in the negotiation of the international Straits and analyzes the reasons for the benefit of the United States. Through the reference of the theory of international negotiation analysis, the United States can be analyzed from three levels to participate in the negotiation of the international Straits. First, the "context" analysis, which is the background, environment and foundation of the negotiations, constitutes the most fundamental factor in the United States' participation in the negotiations. At that level, the international pattern is unfavourable to the United States. The newly independent third world countries strive for the exclusive possession of the ocean, and the declaration of a broad territorial sea that is beyond the traditional limits. The Strait, which is used for international navigation, has become a sea area covered by the territorial sea, which greatly limits the scope of the activities of the United States Navy. However, the United States reacts quickly, adjusts its marine policies, actively seeks the World Conference on the law of the sea, and expects to establish a maritime system conducive to its own by meeting, and has set a clear but very clear channel in the field of the Straits. A strong negotiated goal - free passage through the international Straits, these actions have led the United States to seize the opportunity to negotiate. The second is the analysis of "structure, structure and relationship", which is the middle level of negotiations and determines the direction and concrete way of negotiation. The specific practice is: actively mobilizing human resources, affecting the decision-making process of negotiation, and seeking the leadership of the negotiation framework; together with the "enemy" of the Soviet Union, the great powers of the United Kingdom and Japan in the cold war, boycotting the demands of many developing countries as a negotiator and striving for the free passage of the country. In the end, it is a "stage" analysis. By drawing on the "policy formation theory" in public policy theory, it can be further divided into agenda setting, system formation, system passage and system assessment in four sub stages according to different time nodes. In the preparation of the conference, the favorable bill was added; by recognizing the limited control of the exclusive economic zone and the continuous refinement of the interpretation of free navigation by the third world countries, the coastal states of the Straits had gradually abandoned the initial harmless passage system and formed a transit system that fully embodied the interest of the United States. Under the adverse background of the global and marine structure of the channel negotiation, the United States successfully reversed the initial adverse environment through the full grasp of the negotiation process, basically realized the goal of its negotiation, and formed a system of international Strait passage for itself.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D993.5
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本文编号：2013517