文化财产的国际保护和追索的法律体制构建

发布时间：2018-06-15 19:19

本文选题：文化财产 + 武装冲突　；参考：《吉林大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文第一部分简单介绍了文化财产的定义、范围,将文化财产的主体剖析成两种属性：“文化性”和“财产性”,分析了文化财产对人类经济、艺术、历史等方面的价值以及意义。以及保护的原因分析,战乱时期的毁坏以及和平时期的盗窃和非法发掘非法移转等等,都是文化财产需要保护的原因,针对各种破坏的不同,对文化财产的保护方式也不同。对于武装冲突时期对的毁坏和掠夺主要通过国际公法领域对武装冲突以及国际人道方面的调控来完成保护；对于和平时期文化财产的盗掘和非法移转可以通过国际公法领域以及国际私法领域来保护。综述了不同时期的不同种类的文化财产保护体制的构建。文章第二部分重点分析在武装冲突时期文化财产的保护方式,在武装冲突时期对文化财产的最大破坏莫过于战火对其产生的毁坏,有些是偶然的,有些是恶意的。虽然如此,对文化财产的保护仍然不能放松警惕,不能以偶然性作为借口来放任战火对文化财产的破坏。根据以往的经验,国际社会开始在武装冲突的条约中渐渐加入了文化财产保护的条款,而后制定了专门性的国际条约,本文中主要分析了1954年《关于发生武装冲突时保护文化财产的公约》(1954年海牙公约),1954年海牙公约是关于武装冲突时期文化财产保护的适用范围最广也是最主要的国际公约,公约相比之前的武装冲突法律体系中的零星文化财产保护条约更加完善,对于文化财产的定义、保护义务方的界定都有了更加全面的规范,如同文章中所说,1954年海牙公约并非是一个反战公约,而是一个规范战争的公约,它更加理性地对待战争与文化财产之间的关系,形成了武装冲突时期文化财产保护的法律框架。文章的第三和第四部分主要讲的是和平时期文化财产保护的方式,既然处于和平时期,那么对于文化财产的破坏则主要是针对其“财产性”的,包括盗窃、非法发掘、非法移转等等,对于这类破坏的主要原则方式也由战时的单纯的禁止性转化为禁止性和主动性,即战时的避免破坏转化成为和平时期的避免破坏和主动追索。其中第三章主要从国际公法领域来研究,避免破坏的国际公约以1970年联合国教科文组织的《关于采取措施和防止非法进口文化财产和非法转让其所有权的公约》为主；主动追索的国际公约以1995年国家统一私法协会的《关于被盗或非法出口文物公约》为主,因为涉及追索问题,该公约一定涉及国家私法层面的参与,这里就引入第四部分,在1995年国家统一私法协会《关于被盗或非法出口文物公约》的基础上,西方各主要国家对于文化财产的保护方面的法律实践,基于这些实践可以判断出各国对于该问题的态度都是积极的。但在公法调控需要私法实施的情况之下,由于各国的法律制度的多元化,文化财产的追索问题始终存在着瑕疵,第四部分还提出了构建文化财产追索仲裁机构的设想,并分析了实现这种设想的条件和背景,做出期待。第五章主要的内容是基于我国的情况来分析的,自古以来,华夏五千年的文明对全世界都充满了神秘的诱惑,十九世纪二十年代鸦片战争敲开了中国的大门,随之而来的战乱给中国的文化财产带来了巨大的灾难；战争结束了,随之而来的是各种文化财产的犯罪,盗窃、盗掘、走私等等问题越来越严重,造成了中国大量文化财产的流逝。那么如何追索流失的文化财产,则成为了当下最重要的问题。第五部分从国际多边、单边合作、国内立法、相关政策以及民间等方面分析中国的文化财产保护的体制构建问题和提出建议,以完善我国的文化财产保护制度。
[Abstract]:The first part of this article briefly introduces the definition and scope of cultural property, and analyzes the main body of cultural property into two attributes: "culture" and "property". It analyzes the value and significance of cultural property to human economy, art and history, as well as the analysis of the original cause of protection, the destruction of the war period and the theft of the peace period. Theft, illegal excavation, illegal transfer and so on are the reasons for the protection of cultural property, and the protection of cultural property is different in view of the different types of destruction. The destruction and plundering of the period of armed conflict is protected mainly through the regulation of armed conflict and international humanitarian aspects in the field of international public law; for peace The excavation and illegal transfer of cultural property in the period can be protected through the field of public international law and the field of private international law. The construction of different kinds of cultural property protection system in different periods is summarized.
The second part of the article focuses on the analysis of the protection of cultural property during the armed conflict. In the period of armed conflict, the greatest destruction of the cultural property is the destruction of the war and fire, some are accidental and some are malicious. In the light of previous experience, the international community began to gradually join the provisions of the protection of cultural property in the treaties of armed conflict, and then formulated specialized international treaties. This article mainly analyzed the 1954 Convention on the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict (the Hague convention of 1954), The 1954 Hague convention is the most widely used and most important international convention on the protection of cultural property in the period of armed conflict. The Convention on the protection of sporadic cultural property in the legal system of armed conflict is more perfect than before. The definition of cultural property and the definition of the protection agent have been more comprehensive. In the article, the Hague convention in 1954 is not an anti war convention, but a convention to standardize the war. It is more rational in dealing with the relationship between war and cultural property and forming a legal framework for the protection of cultural property during the armed conflict.
The third and fourth parts of the article are mainly about the way of the protection of cultural property in the period of peace. Since it is in a peaceful period, the destruction of the cultural property is mainly aimed at its "property", including theft, illegal excavation, illegal transfer and so on, and the main principle of this kind of destruction is also simply prohibited in wartime. The nature of the third chapters, mainly from the field of public international law, has been translated into prohibition and initiative. The third chapters are mainly from the field of public international law, and the international conventions to avoid destruction are adopted by the UNESCO in 1970 to take measures and prevent the illegal import of cultural property and the illegal transfer of them. The Convention on ownership is dominant; the International Convention on active recourse is dominated by the Convention on stolen or illegal export of cultural relics by the National Association for the unification of private law in 1995, because it involves the issue of recourse. The convention must involve the participation of the national private law level. The fourth part is introduced here. In 1995, the National Association for the unification of private law < about stolen or illegal. On the basis of the Convention on the export of cultural relics, the legal practice of the protection of cultural property in the main western countries can be judged by these practices that all countries are positive in their attitude to the problem. However, under the circumstances of the private law enforcement of public law regulation and regulation, the pursuit of cultural property because of the pluralism of the legal system of various countries The problem has always been defective. The fourth part also puts forward the idea of building a cultural property recourse to arbitration institutions, and analyses the conditions and background of realizing this idea, and makes expectations.
The main content of the fifth chapter is based on the analysis of the situation in China. Since ancient times, the five thousand years of China's civilization has been full of mysterious seduction to the whole world. In 1820s, the Opium War opened the door of China. The war chaos brought a great disaster to the cultural property of China; the war ended and followed. The problems of crime, theft, theft, smuggling and so on are becoming more and more serious in all kinds of cultural property, which have led to the passage of a large number of cultural property in China. Then how to recourse the lost cultural property has become the most important problem at the moment. The fifth part is from the analysis of international multilateral, unilateral cooperation, domestic legislation, relevant policies and folk. China's cultural property protection system construction problems and suggestions are put forward to improve our cultural property protection system.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D997

【参考文献】