RTA成员对GATT1994保障措施的适用

发布时间：2018-06-15 20:45

本文选题：GATT1947第24条 + 非歧视性　；参考：《吉林大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：当今各国在对外经济贸易合作方面,越来越多地尝试区域经济合作,使得近年来区域性贸易行为迅速发展。WTO对区域贸易安排(以下简称RTA)既控制又鼓励的态度,难免会使RTA制度和WTO框架下其他法律制度衔接时产生冲突,保障措施就是其中之一。使得各国在实践中遇到问题时无所适从。这些问题包括：RTA内部是否可以制定保障措施条款?其成员之间相互适用保障措施是否与GATT第24条的要求相左?RTA成员在适用全球性保障措施时能否排除本区域内的其他成员而仅仅针对区域外的第三方实施?如果能实施,是否背离WTO非歧视性原则?这些疑问在WTO规则体系中没有明确规定,在具体的争端解决实践中也未予以澄清,各个RTA规定的保障措施条款又有极大差异,使问题变得更加复杂。因此,本文主旨就是论证两个问题：一是RTA内部适用保障措施的合法性问题；二是RTA成员仅针对区域外第三方国家适用保障措施不违背WTO非歧视原则。最终通过合理解释WTO法律规则或争端解决的处理使两个问题得以明确。第一部分主要揭示GATT1994的规定存在的问题。RTA主要规定在GATT1947第24条,但该条并未明确RTA内部能否实施保障措施及怎样实施保障措施。RTA成员单独适用保障措施成为WTO法律规制的一个盲点,GATT1994第19条和《保障措施协议》的第2条脚注1没有给出答案。第二部分是分析RTA成员适用保障措施的实践及其争议。各个区域贸易协定中虽然都订立的保障措施条款,但其内容却大相径庭,主要有三种模式,即双边与全球措施相结合模式、同盟整体性适用保障措施模式和概括参照WTO规定模式；争端实践中排除区域贸易成员适用保障措施的案件错综复杂,争端双方主要围绕GATT1947第24条、GATT1994第19条以及《保障措施协议》第2条的适用适用主体、条件、范围进行了争论。WTO专家组和上诉机构在处理的过程中也体现了不同的思维和智慧。第三部分是讨论解决RTA成员适用保障措施的问题的路径。主要列举了各位学者对RTA成员适用内部保障措施和全球性保障措施的具体观点和意见的概括。对于RTA成员方之间适用保障措施的合法性以及排除区域成员适用保障措施的非歧视性的观点。探究GATT第24条的条文含义可知,第8款要求RTA取消“实质上所有贸易限制”——关税和其他限制性贸易法规的适用,如有必要,根据第11、12、13、14、15和20条允许的措施除外。该列举应该是例示性的、不完全的,担负着自由贸易“安全阀”作用的保障措施在必要时也应可以在区域成员之间适用；“实质上所有贸易”不同于所有贸易,对区域内部分产品实施保障措施,并不会阻碍“实质上所有贸易”的自由化。因此,区域贸易成员间可以实施保障措施。同时,进一步阐述了RTA成员方之间保障措施的排除适用的非歧视性问题。笔者侧重对有关法律条文进行分析,讨论对区域产品排除适用保障措施的可能性和条件以及最终豁免应遵循的平行原则。对GATT第24条的通常理解可以确定其能够组委对区内进口豁免实施保障措施的抗辩,为区域选择性保障措施提供支持,即赋予RTA成员在适用保障措施时对同一区域的其他成员予以排除的权利,这不违背WTO非歧视性原则。
[Abstract]:In the field of foreign economic and trade cooperation, more and more countries have tried regional economic cooperation, which makes the regional trade behavior develop rapidly in recent years with the attitude of.WTO to the regional trade arrangement (hereinafter referred to as RTA), which will inevitably lead to conflict between the RTA system and its legal system under the framework of WTO. One of them makes it difficult for countries to encounter problems in practice.
These questions include: is there a guarantee of safeguards within the RTA? Is the security measures applicable to each other left to the twenty-fourth requirements of GATT? Can RTA members exclude other members of the region in the application of global security measures only for the third party outside the region? If it can be implemented, whether or not to deviate from WTO The non discriminatory principle? These questions have not been clearly defined in the WTO rules system, and have not been clarified in the concrete dispute settlement practice. The provisions of the various RTA provisions have great differences, making the problem more complicated.
Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to demonstrate two problems: one is the legitimacy of RTA's internal application of safeguards; the two is that the members of the RTA are only applicable to the third party countries outside the region and do not violate the WTO non discrimination principle. Finally, the two problems can be clarified through the rational interpretation of the legal rules of the WTO or the settlement of the dispute.
The first part mainly reveals the existing problems of the GATT1994 regulations.RTA mainly in the GATT1947 twenty-fourth, but the article does not specify whether the internal RTA can implement the safeguards and how to implement the safeguards, the.RTA members alone apply the safeguard measures to become a blind spot of the WTO legal regulation, the second footnotes of the GATT1994 nineteenth and the safeguards agreement. 1 did not give the answer.
The second part is to analyze the practice and controversy of the RTA members' application of safeguard measures. Although the provisions of the safeguards in each regional trade agreement are different, there are three kinds of modes, namely, the combination of bilateral and global measures, the integrated application of the safeguard measures model and the general reference to the WTO regulations; In the end practice, the cases in which the members of regional trade are excluded from the application of safeguards are intricate. The two sides of the dispute are mainly concerned with the applicable subjects of the GATT1947 twenty-fourth, GATT1994 nineteenth and the second of the safeguards agreement, and the conditions and the scope of the dispute, the.WTO expert group and the appellate body are also reflected in the different thinking and intelligence in the process of handling. Hui.
The third part is the way to discuss and solve the problems of the RTA members' application of safeguards. It mainly lists the specific views and opinions of the scholars on the application of internal security measures and global safeguard measures to the members of the RTA members. The legality of the application of the safeguard measures to the members of the members of the RTA and the exclusion of the application of security measures from the members of the regional members is not disambiguation. Looking at the meaning of the twenty-fourth article of the GATT, the eighth paragraph calls for the abolition of "virtually all trade restrictions" - the application of tariffs and other restrictive trade regulations, if necessary, with the exception of the measures permitted in article 11,12,13,14,15 and 20. The enumeration should be exemplary, incomplete, and free trade ". The safeguards for the effect of the safety valve should also be applicable between the members of the region as necessary; "all trade in substance" is different from all trade, and the implementation of safeguards for some of the products in the region does not impede the liberalization of "all trade in substance". Therefore, the members of the regional trade can implement safeguards.
At the same time, it further expounds the non discriminatory problem of the exclusion of the safeguard measures between the RTA members. The author focuses on the analysis of the relevant legal provisions, the possibility and conditions for the exclusion of the safeguard measures for regional products, and the parallel principles to which the final exemption should be followed. The general understanding of the twenty-fourth GATT can be determined to be able to determine its ability. The organizing committee's defense against the import exemption in the area provides support for the regional selective safeguards, which gives the RTA members the right to exclude the other members of the same region when applying the safeguards, which is not contrary to the non discriminatory principle of the WTO.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996.1

【参考文献】