条约退出权研究

发布时间：2018-06-24 02:45

本文选题：条约 + 退出权　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：一般认为,国际法制度是建立在条约必须信守这一基本原则基础之上的。但是,无论是条约自身,还是条约所处的地缘政治外部条件,都不可能是静止不变的。当政治形势的变化或者各国外交偏好的变化使得条约的目的难以实现,或使得条约的条款略显过时,又抑或造成缔约方不恰当的负担时,国际法往往会引导有关缔约方更为可取地先与其他缔约伙伴进行重新谈判,并设法对条约进行修订。一旦变更条约未果,缔约方甚至是不惜行使条约退出权以实现其目的。虽然条约退出权的行使在国际社会条约法实践中已是屡见不鲜的现象,并且各条约中退出权条款的设计也称得上是多式多样,但是令人感到奇怪的就是,条约退出权课题在国际法学研究领域却只受到了极少的关注。条约退出权的历史形成与发展可以1969年《维也纳条约法公约》的通过为标志,分为三个阶段：即《维也纳条约法公约》制定前阶段、《维也纳条约法公约》制定阶段与《维也纳条约法公约》制定后阶段。按照不同的分类标准,条约退出权可划分为明示退出权与默示退出权、约定退出权与一般国际法退出权、单方退出权与集体退出权以及全部退出权与部分退出权。从本质上讲,条约退出权属于主权的一种发散与特权。条约退出权的主权属性决定了这种权利的正当性。条约法实践中的条约退出权类似于国际习惯法的背离权与国内私法领域的合同解除权。其实,通过行使条约退出权,缔约方所表现出的是对合作价值、协调价值、正义价值、保障价值、实用价值和适变价值的追求。在承认条约退出权对维护缔约方利益具有重要积极作用的同时,也要兼顾考虑国际社会的整体利益。条约退出权的行使条件有实质条件与程序条件之分。其中,实质条件包括条约当事方共同同意、情势重大变更、其他缔约方的重大违约与条约履行不能等。在程序方面,一些条约会对缔约方行使退出权的时间予以限制。一般地,条约都要求退出方做出退出通知。而通知须经过一段时期后,条约退出权方可生效。在通知做出与退出权生效之间应有一段异议期,但异议期的时间长度以及退出通知中退出理由的说明并不具有国际习惯法性质。条约退出权的主权属性决定了退出权具有相对性的一面。条约退出权的行使应受到条约必须信守原则的约束。而且,条约退出权的行使还应受到国际社会本位原则的约束。必须注意的是,退出国在退出权生效后,相对于所退出的条约而言,其地位则回复到第三方的位置,退出的条约不再对其产生新的权利与义务。但是,退出国就其在退出权生效前就已产生的条约内义务,应该是不能解除的。另外,对于退出国先前参加的条约中所载的无论是强行法规则,还是国际习惯法规范,均应保持对退出国的约束效力。 1969年《维也纳条约法公约》第五编第四节规定了缔约方解决退出权争端所应遵循的程序。这一争端解决程序分为两个阶段：第一阶段是公约第65条第3款所规定的任意程序；第二阶段是公约第66条和附录所规定的强制程序。考虑到《维也纳条约法公约》的条约退出权争端解决机制不具备国际习惯法性质,因而对非缔约国缺乏必然的约束力,因此具体条约的退出权争端应优先适用该条约自身所包含的争端解决机制或方法。
[Abstract]:Although the exercise of the right of withdrawal of a treaty has been a common phenomenon in the practice of international social treaty law , and attempts to revise the treaty , it is surprising that the exercise of the right of withdrawal of the treaty has been a common phenomenon in the practice of international social treaty law , but it is surprising that the subject of the withdrawal of treaties is only rarely paid attention in the field of international jurisprudence research .

The history formation and development of the withdrawal right of the treaty can be divided into three stages by the adoption of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 , namely , the pre - establishment phase of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties , the elaboration phase of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the post - establishment phase of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties .

In fact , through the exercise of the right of withdrawal of treaties , the withdrawal of treaties is similar to the right of departure of international customary law and the right to rescind the contract in the field of domestic private law . In fact , by exercising the right of withdrawal of treaties , the party has shown the pursuit of cooperation value , coordination value , justice value , guarantee value , practical value and adaptable value . In recognition of the important positive role of the right of withdrawal of the treaty on the interests of the contracting parties , the whole benefit of the international community must be taken into account .

There are substantial conditions and procedural conditions for the exercise of the right of withdrawal of a treaty . The substantive conditions include the mutual consent of the parties to the treaty , a significant change in the situation , a significant breach of the treaty by other parties , and the inability of the treaty to perform .

The exercise of the right of withdrawal of a treaty should be bound by the principles of the treaty must adhere to . Moreover , the exercise of the right of withdrawal of the treaty should also be bound by the principles of the international community .

It must be noted that the withdrawal State , after the entry into force of the right to exit , has returned to the position of the third party with respect to the withdrawal of the treaty and that the withdrawal of the treaty no longer produces new rights and obligations .

Section IV of Part V of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 sets out the procedures to be followed by Parties in the settlement of disputes from the right to withdrawal . This dispute settlement procedure is divided into two stages : the first phase is any procedure set out in article 65 , paragraph 3 , of the Convention ;
The second phase is the mandatory procedure set out in article 66 and appendix of the Convention , taking into account that the dispute settlement mechanism of the treaty withdrawal from the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties does not have international customary law and is therefore a lack of bound binding on non - parties , so that the dispute on the withdrawal of a particular treaty should give priority to the dispute settlement mechanism or method contained in the treaty itself .
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D993.8

【引证文献】