关于核污染防治的国际环评制度研究

发布时间：2018-07-06 15:34

本文选题：核污染 + 国际环评制度　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：核能既给人们带来极为可观的利益，又在某种意义上带来了一定程度的危害。核污染的问题对环境存在着重大影响，进一步可能会影响人们的正常生存。国际社会不得不采取一系列的行动，，来应对核能利用存在的潜在风险和现实危害。国际法层面对核污染防治问题做出积极回应，订立了诸多国际条约、进行了一系列相关的国际谈判。国际环境影响评价具有的特殊性，致使在建立完善国际环境影响评价制度的整体过程中，它与单纯国内的环评制度面临着不同的问题，各不同国家之间利益的协调就成了国际环境影响评价制度必须面临的重大挑战之一。当下国际社会亟待解决的问题是：首先要着重分析当前核污染防治国际环境影响评价制度存在的不足，然后通过分析指出在各类情形下对这些不足的补充措施，继而努力建成一个较为完备的国际环境影响评价制度的理论框架和实施体系。本文结合目前的国际形势和国际环境法的发展前景，主要从如下几个方面对关于核污染防治的国际环评制度加以研究：第一，对关于核污染防治的国际环评制度的内涵进行阐述，分析其历史、现状和发展趋势，解析相关国际条约和组织机构。当下的涉核国际法律制度的关键在于国际原子能机构引导下的几项有关的国际公约，包括《核损害民事责任维也纳公约》、《核事故及早通报公约》、《核安全公约》、《核燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约》等。除了国际原子能机构，经济合作与发展组织的核能机构、联合国原子能辐射效应科学委员会等也在核污染防治的国际法律制度中起到一定的作用，是核污染防治国际环评制度不可缺少的一部分。环境影响评价是环境保护中“预防原则”的具体体现，是实现可持续发展的重要工具。美日俄等国都有各自的环评制度，《跨国界背景下的环境影响评价公约》《在环境问题上获得信息、公众参与决策和诉诸法律的公约》等国际条约，都为核污染的国际环评制度的建立奠定了基础。其次，结合现实中存在的诸多不足，主要包括相关条约存在缺陷、缺乏有效的监管机构、国际合作的难度较大、技术要求较高，从这几个方面分析建立核污染防治国际环评制度面临的难题。现有的国际上的相关法律文件依然是比较少见和分散的，而且它们相互之间也仍然存在着一些不太协调的地方，现有的规定过于原则、不够具体。国际环评制度缺乏有效的监管，国际原子能机构的监督检查机制存在一定的缺陷。各国的环境影响评价制度彼此之间差异较大，国际合作的难度较大、技术要求较高，因而国际环境影响评价制度的建立需要面临着巨大的挑战。再次，进行国际法理论分析，提出建立核污染防治国际环评制度需要遵循的基本原则，包括可持续发展的原则、防止环境损害的原则、预防的原则、国际合作的原则、非歧视的原则、利益均衡的原则。这几项原则是国际环境影响评价制度的建立基础，也引导着国际环境影响评价制度的逐步建立和完善。在实际的纠纷解决过程中，各项原则并不是独立的，而是相互贯通、相互依赖的。最后，提出完善核污染防治国际环评制度的构想。从全球性的框架公约、区域性的国际环境影响评价条约和国内相关环评法律制度等方面来建立国际环境影响评价制度。建立全球性的框架公约，设置完善的国际环境影响评价标准和环评信息交流制度。完善区域性的环境影响评价制度，注重公共参与在环评制度中的作用，提供司法救济的途径。完善相应的国内法，加强相关的监督机制，建立履行监督职责的常设调查委员会，加强国际原子能机构的核查范围和强度，以保障环评的顺利进行。
[Abstract]:Nuclear energy not only brings great benefits to people, but also brings a certain degree of harm to some extent. The problem of nuclear pollution has a great impact on the environment and may further affect the normal survival of the people. The international community has to take a series of actions to deal with the potential risks and actual hazards of the use of nuclear energy. The international law level has made a positive response to the prevention and control of nuclear pollution, concluded a number of international treaties and carried out a series of relevant international negotiations. The special nature of the international environmental impact assessment (EIA) has caused different problems in the whole process of establishing and perfecting the international environmental impact assessment system. The coordination of interests between different countries has become one of the major challenges that the international environmental impact assessment system must face. The urgent problem of the present international community is to focus on the analysis of the shortcomings of the current international environmental impact assessment system for the prevention and control of nuclear pollution. In the light of the current international situation and the future of international environmental law, this paper mainly studies the international environmental assessment system on the prevention and control of nuclear pollution in the following aspects.
First, it expounds the connotation of the international environmental assessment system on the prevention and control of nuclear pollution, analyzes its history, current situation and development trend, and analyzes the relevant international treaties and organizations. The key to the current nuclear related international legal system lies in several international conventions under the guidance of the International Atomic Energy Agency, including the civil liability for nuclear damage, Vienna The Convention, < nuclear accident and early notification convention >, < nuclear safety convention >, < nuclear fuel management safety and the safety of Radioactive Waste Management >. In addition to the International Atomic Energy Agency, the nuclear energy agency of the organization for economic cooperation and development, the United Nations Scientific Committee for the radiation effect of atomic energy, and so on in the international legal system for the prevention and control of nuclear pollution. Its role is an indispensable part of the international environmental assessment system for the prevention and control of nuclear pollution. Environmental impact assessment is the embodiment of the "precautionary principle" in environmental protection and an important tool for the realization of sustainable development. The United States, Japan and Russia have their own environmental assessment system, and the environmental impact assessment Convention under the cross national background is obtained on environmental issues. International treaties, such as information, public participation in decision-making and law enforcement, have laid the foundation for the establishment of the international environmental impact assessment system for nuclear pollution.
Secondly, combining the shortcomings of the reality, including the defects of the relevant treaties, the lack of effective regulatory agencies, the difficulty of international cooperation and the higher technical requirements, the problems facing the establishment of the international environmental assessment system for the prevention and control of nuclear pollution are analyzed from these aspects. It is scattered, and there are still some uncoordinated places between them. The existing regulations are too principled and not specific. The international environmental assessment system lacks effective supervision and the International Atomic Energy Agency's supervision and inspection mechanism has some defects. The environmental impact assessment system of various countries is different from each other and international cooperation is different. Therefore, the establishment of the international environmental impact assessment system needs to face enormous challenges.
Thirdly, the theoretical analysis of international law is carried out and the basic principles should be followed in establishing the international environmental assessment system for the prevention and control of nuclear pollution, including the principles of sustainable development, the principle of preventing environmental damage, the principle of prevention, the principle of international cooperation, the principle of non discrimination and the principle of balance of interests. These principles are the international environmental impact assessment system. The foundation is established and the international environmental impact assessment system is gradually established and perfected. In the process of settling the actual dispute, the principles are not independent, but interconnected and interdependent.
Finally, the idea of improving the international environmental assessment system for the prevention and control of nuclear pollution is put forward. The international environmental impact assessment system is established from the global framework convention, the regional international environmental impact assessment treaty and the domestic related environmental assessment legal system, the establishment of a global framework convention, the establishment of a perfect international environmental impact assessment standard and the EIA. The system of information exchange, the improvement of the regional environmental impact assessment system, the role of public participation in the environmental assessment system, the way of providing judicial relief, the improvement of the corresponding domestic law, the strengthening of the relevant supervision mechanism, the establishment of a permanent Investigation Committee for the performance of supervisory duties, and the strengthening of the scope and intensity of the International Atomic Energy Agency's verification so as to guarantee the protection of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The EIA was carried out smoothly.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D996.9;D999.2

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