人权事务委员会个人来文机制研究

发布时间：2018-07-08 11:08

本文选题：个人来文机制 + 人权事务委员会　；参考：《郑州大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：在《公民权利与政治权利国际公约议定书》中规定的人权事务委员会个人来文机制是国际人权监督机制的重要组成部分。人权事务委员会个人来文机制具有独立性、任择性、公正性和准司法性等特点。通过个人来文机制可以在国际和国内层面实现以下目的和功能：反映具体个人人权状况,实现个案公正和维护法治,通过威慑保护个人权利,在国内层次的预防侵害,解释人权公约,促进人权对话等就个人来文机制的实践运行来说,审理个人来文案件的主体是人权事务委员会,及其附属的两个机构即新来文特别报告员及来文工作组；审理来文案件的依据有三个,即管辖权依据,法律渊源依据以及书面材料依据；审理个人来文的程序包括：来文的提交与登记程序,做出可否受理决定的程序,做出实质性审理意见的程序。人权事务委员会作出的关于个人来文的决定意见不同于委员的个人意见,也不同于委员会作出的一般性意见和结论性意见。它与区域性人权法院的判决也存在不同。国家在来文程序下的义务包括三个方面：一是不妨碍个人诉诸委员会的义务；二是诚意尊重个人来文程序的义务,包括对来文做出回应、执行临时措施的义务；三是在来文意见作出后与委员会诚意合作的义务,包括采取补救措施,与委员会的对话,落实委员会的意见等义务。委员会规定了个人来文意见的后续行动及其监督程序。从个人来文机制的今后的发展来看,个人来文机制存在缺点不足。个人来文机制的不足包括个人来文案件的法律适用面临公约自身的挑战；人权条约机构体制缺陷；委员会意见的弱司法性以及委员会意见的影响有限等。进行改进的方法包括增强条约的普遍性,发挥来文意见的更大作用；改革委员会审理来文案件的程序和做法；规定意见的拘束力和强制力；加强意见的强制性解决委员会的审案效率,增强意见的可执行性；扩大意见在缔约国的普遍性,在国内层面改善执行条件等方面的措施。个人来文机制的特点决定了个人来文机制能够在国际层面和国内层面上监督人权的实施,促进人权的保护。当然,个人来文机制还存在许多不足,需要改进。
[Abstract]:The individual communication mechanism of the Human Rights Committee stipulated in the Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and political Rights is an important part of the international human rights monitoring mechanism. The individual communication mechanism of the Human Rights Committee is characterized by independence, optional, impartiality and quasi-judicial. Through individual communications mechanisms, the following objectives and functions can be achieved at the international and national levels: reflecting the human rights situation of specific individuals, achieving justice in individual cases and upholding the rule of law, protecting individual rights through deterrence and preventing violations at the domestic level, Interpretation of human rights conventions, promotion of dialogue on human rights, and so on, as far as the practice of individual communications mechanisms is concerned, the subject of individual communications cases is the Human Rights Committee. (B) the Special Rapporteur on new communications and the working Group on Communications, two of its subsidiary bodies; there are three bases for the consideration of communications, namely, the basis of jurisdiction, the basis of sources of law and the basis of written material; The procedure for the consideration of individual communications includes the procedure for the submission and registration of communications, the procedure for making decisions on admissibility, and the procedure for making substantive opinions. The decision of the Human Rights Committee on individual communications differs from the individual opinion of the Committee, as well as from the general comments and concluding observations made by the Committee. It also differs from the decisions of regional human rights courts. The obligations of States under the communications procedure include three aspects: first, the obligation not to prevent individuals from having recourse to the Committee; and second, the obligation to respect in good faith the obligations of the individual communications procedure, including the obligation to respond to communications and to implement interim measures; Third, the obligation to cooperate with the Committee in good faith after the submission of a communication, including the obligation to take remedial measures, to engage in dialogue with the Committee and to give effect to the Committee's views. The Committee established a procedure for the follow-up of views on individual communications and their monitoring. Judging from the future development of individual communication mechanism, individual communication mechanism has shortcomings. The shortcomings of the individual communications mechanism include the challenges to the application of the law in individual communications cases, the shortcomings of the human rights treaty body system, the weak judicial nature of the Committee's views and the limited impact of the Committee's views. Ways to improve the treaty include enhancing the universality of the treaty and playing a greater role in the views on communications; reforming the procedures and practices of the Commission in dealing with communications cases; and providing for the binding and enforcement of opinions; Measures to enhance the efficiency and enforceability of the Commission on the compulsory settlement of opinions; to expand the universality of opinions in States parties and to improve the conditions for their implementation at the domestic level. The characteristics of individual communication mechanism determine that individual communication mechanism can monitor the implementation of human rights and promote the protection of human rights at the international and domestic levels. Of course, there are still many shortcomings in the individual communication mechanism, which need to be improved.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D998.2

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