公海保护区的法律机制研究

发布时间：2018-07-16 18:52

【摘要】：法律秩序的稳定性与适应实践发展的变革性之间始终伴随着每一种法律制度的演进历程。海洋法公约确立的海洋秩序为国家确立自身的海洋边界和权利提供了稳定的框架,但在确立海洋边界和权利之后,各国发现,公海在某种形式上正处于国家权力真空的状态。在恰此时,公海环境和生物多样性面临着严重危机,经国内实践证明行之有效的海洋保护区适用于公海可以有效解决公海的环境困局,公海保护区应运而生。公海保护区在保护公海环境和生物多样性的正义诉求下,满足了国家向公海扩张国家权力的愿望,受到广大沿海国、特别是海洋大国的欢迎。公海保护区不仅是在公海选定的特定海域,也是保护公海环境和海洋生物多样性的有效工具,更是系统性的法律机制构成,故公海保护区相关法律机制的建立和完善是公海保护区顺利发展的国际法保障。鉴于此,对公海保护区的法律机制展开国际法研究就很有必要。就公海保护区的法律机制而言,包括三个组成部分:建立机制、管理机制和执行机制。公海保护区的建立机制是公海保护区法律机制的基础。目前的国际实践显示,公海保护区主要通过国家单独或合作建立公海保护区、国际组织通过决议建立公海保护区和国家提案经国际组织批准建立公海保护区等方式建立。公海保护区能够使国家在公海享有某种程度的国家管辖权,间接增进了沿海国的国家利益,故需要在建立环节规范国家的权力冲动,为此需要国家之间在合作中实现权力均衡,其实现方式就是国家与国际组织之间的良好互动。公海保护区的管理是一项复杂的系统性工程。国家借助公海保护区制度增进国家利益是通过对公海保护区的管理来实现的。在实践中,公海保护区或由建立者管理,或由建立者与外部参与者协同管理,或由建立者与利益相关者综合管理。无论建立者是国家,还是国际组织,国家都可以通过各种方式对公海保护区的管理施加影响。鉴于此,公海保护区的管理采用综合管理的机制就很有必要,不仅能够充分调动国际社会的民间力量,还能缓和各国竞相追逐管理权力带来的冲突。公海保护区的执行机制是公海保护区法律机制的保障。为了确保公海保护区不至成为"纸上公园",需要充分发挥和改进传统的船旗国执行的方式,完善成员国对成员国的执行机制,确立成员国对非成员国的执行机制。唯有如此,公海保护区才能向更广阔的公海水域推进。公海保护区法律机制的发展将给中国带来极大的挑战,包括利益、能力、法律等方面。针对公海保护区的实践与理论发展及其对中国的影响,中国应当密切关注,加强研究;完善国内实践的同时积极参与国际实践,并切实重视公海保护区可能对现行海洋法秩序带来的变革,以抓住机遇,维护中国的国家利益。
[Abstract]:Between the stability of legal order and the transformative nature of adapting to the development of practice, the evolution of each kind of legal system has always been accompanied. The maritime order established by UNCLOS provides a stable framework for States to establish their own maritime boundaries and rights. However, after the establishment of maritime boundaries and rights, States find that the high seas are in a state of state power vacuum in some form. At the same time, the environment and biodiversity of the high seas are facing a serious crisis. The marine protected areas proved to be effective in domestic practice can effectively solve the environmental difficulties of the high seas, and the protected areas of the high seas emerge as the times require. Under the just demand of protecting the high seas environment and biodiversity, the high seas protected areas satisfy the state's desire to expand the state power to the high seas, and are welcomed by the vast number of coastal states, especially the large marine countries. High seas protected areas are not only specific areas selected on the high seas, but also an effective tool for the protection of the high seas environment and marine biodiversity, and constitute a systematic legal regime, Therefore, the establishment and perfection of the relevant legal mechanism is the international law guarantee for the smooth development of the high seas protected areas. In view of this, it is necessary to study the legal mechanism of high seas protected areas in international law. As far as the legal regime of high seas protected areas is concerned, there are three components: establishment mechanism, management mechanism and enforcement mechanism. The establishment mechanism of the high seas protected area is the foundation of the legal mechanism of the high seas protected area. The current international practice shows that the high seas protected areas are mainly established by the individual or cooperative establishment of the high seas protected areas by national organizations through the resolution to establish the high seas protected areas and by the approval of international organizations to establish the high seas protected areas. Protected areas on the high seas enable States to enjoy a certain degree of national jurisdiction on the high seas, indirectly enhancing the national interests of coastal States and, therefore, the need to regulate the impulse of power of States in the process of establishing them, which requires a balance of power among States in cooperation, Its realization way is the good interaction between the country and the international organization. The management of high seas protected area is a complicated systematic project. The high-seas protected area system is used by the state to promote the national interests through the management of the high-seas protected area. In practice, the high seas protected areas are either managed by the founder, by the founder in collaboration with external participants, or by the builder and the stakeholders in a comprehensive manner. Whether the founder is a State or an international organization, States can influence the management of high seas protected areas in various ways. In view of this, it is necessary for the management of high seas protected areas to adopt the mechanism of integrated management, which can not only fully mobilize the folk forces of the international community, but also alleviate the conflicts caused by the competing pursuit of management power by various countries. The enforcement mechanism of the high seas protected areas is the guarantee of the legal mechanism of the high seas protected areas. In order to ensure that the high seas protected area does not become a "paper park", it is necessary to give full play to and improve the traditional way of flag state enforcement, perfect the enforcement mechanism of member States to member States, and establish the enforcement mechanism of member States against non-member States. Only in this way can the protected areas of the high seas advance into the wider waters of the high seas. The development of the legal mechanism of high seas protected areas will bring great challenges to China, including benefits, capabilities, laws and so on. In view of the practice and theoretical development of protected areas on the high seas and its impact on China, China should pay close attention to it, strengthen its research, improve its domestic practice and actively participate in international practice, In order to seize the opportunity and safeguard China's national interests, we should attach importance to the changes that may be brought about by the protected areas on the high seas to the current law of the sea order.
【学位授予单位】：浙江工商大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D993.5

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