论北冰洋公海渔业管理国际合作制度的构建
发布时间：2018-08-13 10:38
【摘要】：气候变化背景下的北极海冰加速融化,鱼类循北而上,加之北冰洋具有适合捕鱼的地形条件,未来北冰洋公海有可能成为新渔场。一方面,北极地区因凸显的资源优势而成为国际社会的关注重点,但是由于治理机制的缺失导致在北极地区的争端频发;另一方面,全球渔业资源处于充分甚至过度开发的紧张状态,北冰洋公海作为地球上最后一块尚未被开发的潜在渔场,必须做到管理先于开发。北冰洋公海的地理属性和北极鱼类的特点,使的相关国家必须进行国际合作才能有效的实现北冰洋公海渔业的管理。首先,笔者从北冰洋公海渔业现状的现实需要和预防人类共同财产发生公地悲剧两个角度对构建北冰洋公海渔业管理国际合作制度的必要性进行了分析。脆弱的北冰洋生态系统需要保护,北冰洋公海周边渔区都曾面临渔业生态危机,构建国际合作制度有利于缓和世界各国在北极地区的矛盾。而且构建国际合作制度是为了保护作为人类共同财产的公海渔业资源,避免公地悲剧重演和破解集体行动困境的途径。其次,渔业管理国际合作制度的构建已具有一定的法律基础和组织基础,相关国家和国际组织有进行国际合作的意愿,南极海域渔业管理实践也可以提供十分有益的经验借鉴,笔者从这四个方面梳理了构建国际合作制度的可行性。再次,文章分析了现有国际制度的不足和深层次原因。一是法律基础不充分,现有国际公约和文件缺乏针对性,目前尚无专门适用于北冰洋公海的区域渔业协定。二是组织基础不完善,联合国粮农组织、东北大西洋委员会和北极理事会均不适合作为北冰洋公海渔业的管理机构。导致这些不足的深层次原因在于北极的地理环境特殊性,北冰洋公海渔业前景不明和北极复杂的地缘政治给构建国际合作制度带来了很大的挑战。最后,针对上述不足,笔者提出构建渔业管理国际合作制度的如下建议:一是国际合作方向是制定一项专门针对北冰洋公海的国际渔业协定。二是国际合作需要确立预警原则、基于生态系统渔业管理理念和互不抵触原则。三是国际合作的内容主要集中在技术方面,将获取的科学研究信息共享和探索传统知识与现代科学技术的结合。四是国际合作的执行机构是设立成员方大会。
[Abstract]:Under the background of climate change, the Arctic sea ice melts rapidly, the fish follow the north, and the Arctic Ocean has the suitable terrain conditions for fishing, so the high seas of the Arctic Ocean may become a new fishing ground in the future. On the one hand, the Arctic region has become the focus of attention of the international community because of its outstanding resource advantages, but the lack of governance mechanisms has led to frequent disputes in the Arctic region; on the other hand, The global fishery resources are in a tight state of full and even over-exploitation. As the last potential fishing ground on the planet, the high seas of the Arctic Ocean must be managed before exploitation. The geographical attributes of the high seas of the Arctic Ocean and the characteristics of the Arctic fish make it necessary for the countries concerned to carry out international cooperation in order to effectively realize the management of the high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean. Firstly, the author analyzes the necessity of establishing the international cooperation system of high seas fisheries management in the Arctic Ocean from the point of view of the actual needs of the present situation of high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean and the prevention of common property tragedy. The fragile Arctic Ocean ecosystem needs to be protected, and the fishing areas around the high seas of the Arctic Ocean have been faced with fishery ecological crisis. Therefore, the establishment of an international cooperation system is conducive to easing the contradictions between countries in the Arctic region. Moreover, the purpose of constructing the international cooperation system is to protect the fishery resources of the high seas, which are the common property of mankind, to avoid the tragedy of the Commons and to solve the plight of collective action. Secondly, the establishment of the system of international cooperation in fisheries management has a certain legal and organizational basis, and the relevant countries and international organizations have the will to carry out international cooperation, and the practice of fisheries management in the Antarctic Sea area can also provide very useful experience for reference. The author combs the feasibility of constructing the system of international cooperation from these four aspects. Thirdly, the article analyzes the deficiency and deep reasons of the existing international system. First, the legal basis is inadequate, the existing international conventions and documents lack pertinence, and there are no regional fisheries agreements specifically applicable to the high seas of the Arctic Ocean. Second, the organization foundation is not perfect, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the Northeast Atlantic Commission and the Arctic Council are not suitable for the management of the high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean. The deep reasons for these deficiencies lie in the particularity of the Arctic geographical environment, the uncertain prospect of high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean and the complex geopolitics in the Arctic bring great challenges to the establishment of international cooperation system. Finally, in view of the above deficiencies, the author puts forward the following suggestions for constructing the international cooperation system of fisheries management: first, the direction of international cooperation is to formulate an international fishery agreement for the high seas of the Arctic Ocean. Second, international cooperation needs to establish the principle of early warning, based on the concept of ecosystem fisheries management and the principle of non-conflict. Third, the content of international cooperation is mainly focused on technology, sharing the information of scientific research and exploring the combination of traditional knowledge and modern science and technology. Fourth, the executive body of international cooperation is the establishment of member conferences.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D993.5
[Abstract]:Under the background of climate change, the Arctic sea ice melts rapidly, the fish follow the north, and the Arctic Ocean has the suitable terrain conditions for fishing, so the high seas of the Arctic Ocean may become a new fishing ground in the future. On the one hand, the Arctic region has become the focus of attention of the international community because of its outstanding resource advantages, but the lack of governance mechanisms has led to frequent disputes in the Arctic region; on the other hand, The global fishery resources are in a tight state of full and even over-exploitation. As the last potential fishing ground on the planet, the high seas of the Arctic Ocean must be managed before exploitation. The geographical attributes of the high seas of the Arctic Ocean and the characteristics of the Arctic fish make it necessary for the countries concerned to carry out international cooperation in order to effectively realize the management of the high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean. Firstly, the author analyzes the necessity of establishing the international cooperation system of high seas fisheries management in the Arctic Ocean from the point of view of the actual needs of the present situation of high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean and the prevention of common property tragedy. The fragile Arctic Ocean ecosystem needs to be protected, and the fishing areas around the high seas of the Arctic Ocean have been faced with fishery ecological crisis. Therefore, the establishment of an international cooperation system is conducive to easing the contradictions between countries in the Arctic region. Moreover, the purpose of constructing the international cooperation system is to protect the fishery resources of the high seas, which are the common property of mankind, to avoid the tragedy of the Commons and to solve the plight of collective action. Secondly, the establishment of the system of international cooperation in fisheries management has a certain legal and organizational basis, and the relevant countries and international organizations have the will to carry out international cooperation, and the practice of fisheries management in the Antarctic Sea area can also provide very useful experience for reference. The author combs the feasibility of constructing the system of international cooperation from these four aspects. Thirdly, the article analyzes the deficiency and deep reasons of the existing international system. First, the legal basis is inadequate, the existing international conventions and documents lack pertinence, and there are no regional fisheries agreements specifically applicable to the high seas of the Arctic Ocean. Second, the organization foundation is not perfect, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the Northeast Atlantic Commission and the Arctic Council are not suitable for the management of the high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean. The deep reasons for these deficiencies lie in the particularity of the Arctic geographical environment, the uncertain prospect of high seas fisheries in the Arctic Ocean and the complex geopolitics in the Arctic bring great challenges to the establishment of international cooperation system. Finally, in view of the above deficiencies, the author puts forward the following suggestions for constructing the international cooperation system of fisheries management: first, the direction of international cooperation is to formulate an international fishery agreement for the high seas of the Arctic Ocean. Second, international cooperation needs to establish the principle of early warning, based on the concept of ecosystem fisheries management and the principle of non-conflict. Third, the content of international cooperation is mainly focused on technology, sharing the information of scientific research and exploring the combination of traditional knowledge and modern science and technology. Fourth, the executive body of international cooperation is the establishment of member conferences.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D993.5
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