跨界环境损害国家责任问题研究

发布时间：2018-08-30 14:10

【摘要】：随着科技的发展,人类运用科技利用自然资源的活动拓展到了化工生产领域、海洋资源开发及利用,甚至延伸到了原子能、核能利用及外空探索的领域。这些活动促进了一国经济的发展,但其本身却存在着对环境的潜在性威胁,造成一国内环境破坏事件的经常发生。因为环境中土壤、空气、水流等媒介具有流动性,因此在一国内的环境污染很可能会对周边一个国家甚至多个国家的环境产生负面的影响甚至损害性后果。为了减少这些跨界环境污染的发生,国际社会曾试图通过制定国际法上不加禁止行为的国际责任的制度来解决该现实问题,笔者在法理上以及司法实践各方面分析了解决跨界环境损害赔偿的责任分配模式中国家责任这种赔偿模式。但实践中由于国家责任在解决跨界环境损害问题上具有一定的缺陷,因此后续国际社会逐渐开始发展民事责任机制来应对跨界环境损害。尽管民事责任机制在解决该问题上体现了其明显的优势,但是该民事责任机制在涉及到两个以上国家时仍具有一定的缺陷,因此笔者认为解决跨界环境损害的最有效的方式为在完善民事责任机制的基础上以国家责任为后盾,以此来解决跨界环境损害。本文由四部分组成,第一部分为序言,主要介绍了本文的研究背景及其写作模式。第二部分是对跨界环境损害中的几大基本概念作了一个界定,包括跨界环境损害、国家责任和危险活动所致跨界环境损害的国际责任。第三部分笔者研究了跨界环境损害领域的国家责任问题。在国际实践和联合国国际法委员会的努力下,跨界环境损害中引入了国家责任制度,实现了传统国家责任在适用领域上的一大突破。笔者在这部分对跨界环境损害的国家责任、法理基础进行了讨论,并结合了国际社会中出现的典型的案例进行分析。同时笔者也认为尽管这种赔偿模式在一定程度上可以有效的解决多国之间关于跨界环境损害的纠纷,但由于跨界环境损害大部分都是由某一国内的私人行为所致,因此国家责任在该领域适用的局限性十分明显。笔者在第四部分主要论述了跨界环境损害中民事责任机制的发展和条约实践。但同时也分析了民事责任制度本身也是不完美的,比如在管辖、判决的承认和执行等方面,在具体的赔偿实现上也存在很大的局限,因此仍需要国家补偿责任或者其他机制的配合。同时笔者提出了一个跨界环境损害领域民事责任和国家责任并行的一个损失分配模式,并对中国在未来跨界环境损害中应当注意的问题提出几点建议。
[Abstract]:With the development of science and technology, the application of science and technology to the utilization of natural resources has expanded to the field of chemical production, the exploitation and utilization of marine resources, and even the fields of atomic energy, nuclear energy utilization and outer space exploration. These activities promote the development of a country's economy, but there is a potential threat to the environment itself, which results in the frequent occurrence of environmental damage in a country. Because of the fluidity of soil, air, water and other media in the environment, environmental pollution in one country is likely to have negative effects or even harmful consequences on the environment of one or more countries. In order to reduce the occurrence of such transboundary environmental pollution, the international community has attempted to address this reality by developing a regime of international responsibility for acts not prohibited under international law, The author analyzes the compensation model of state liability in the mode of distribution of liability for transboundary environmental damage in the aspects of legal theory and judicial practice. However, in practice, due to the defects of state responsibility in solving the problem of transboundary environmental damage, the subsequent international community has gradually begun to develop the mechanism of civil liability to deal with transboundary environmental damage. Although the civil liability mechanism embodies its obvious advantages in solving this problem, the civil liability mechanism still has some defects when it comes to more than two countries. Therefore, the author thinks that the most effective way to solve the transboundary environmental damage is to solve the transboundary environmental damage on the basis of perfecting the civil liability mechanism and taking the state responsibility as the backing. This paper consists of four parts, the first part is the preface, mainly introduces the research background and writing mode. The second part defines several basic concepts of transboundary environmental harm, including transboundary environmental harm, State responsibility and international liability for transboundary environmental harm arising from hazardous activities. In the third part, the author studies the problem of state responsibility in the field of transboundary environmental damage. In international practice and the efforts of the International Law Commission of the United Nations, the system of State responsibility has been introduced into the transboundary environmental damage, which has achieved a breakthrough in the application of traditional State responsibility. In this part, the author discusses the legal basis of the state responsibility for transboundary environmental damage, and analyzes the typical cases in the international community. At the same time, the author also thinks that although this compensation model can effectively solve the disputes between many countries on transboundary environmental damage to a certain extent, but most of the transboundary environmental damage is caused by a domestic private act. Therefore, the limitation of the application of state responsibility in this field is obvious. In the fourth part, the author mainly discusses the development of civil liability mechanism and treaty practice in cross-boundary environmental damage. But at the same time, it also analyzes that the civil liability system itself is not perfect. For example, in the aspects of jurisdiction, the recognition and enforcement of judgments, and so on, there are also great limitations in the realization of specific compensation. Therefore, there is still a need for the cooperation of the State's liability for compensation or other mechanisms. At the same time, the author puts forward a loss distribution model in the field of civil liability and state liability in the field of transboundary environmental damage, and puts forward some suggestions on the problems that China should pay attention to in the future transboundary environmental damage.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D996.9

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