农业植物遗传资源法律保护研究

发布时间：2018-09-15 07:02

【摘要】：农业植物遗传资源是人类的生命资源，具有无可替代的环境保护价值和战略经济价值。我国是农业大国，农业作物栽培历史悠久，是世界上农业植物遗传资源最为丰富的的国家之一，在生物技术革命的进程中成为发达国家掠取资源的重要对象。上世纪末以来，有关国际组织为收集、研究和保护那些对农业发展至关重要的植物遗传资源作出了巨大的努力，联合国粮农组织、世界《生物多样性公约》组织和世界知识产权组织都将其作为讨论的对象,并分别制定了相关国际条约，先后确立了遗传资源的国家主权原则、事前知情同意原则、惠益公平分享原则和来源公开原则等。不管经济环境如何变换，农业植物遗传资源的法律保护问题始终是一个恒久议题，无论是发达国家还是发展中国家都在激烈的生物经济竞争中越来越重视植对植物遗传资源的控制程度，并将其作为衡量国力的要素之一。迄今为止，我国已有不少学者开始关注农业植物遗传资源领域的法律保护研究，但目前我国还未形成与国际规则相接轨的农业植物遗传资源法律保护体系，对于该权利的性质、主体、客体、内容以及实现方式等基本问题都还有待更进一步的研究。基于历史上农业植物遗传资源流失案例的惨痛教训，我国应当放眼未来，始终把握国际、国内两个层次，在深入研究相关国际条约和立足本国国情的基础之上积极参与国际间合作，坚持《生物多样性公约》基本原则不动摇，推动我国加入《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》的进程，并尝试构建区域性、专门性的国际条约。同时，通过对惠益分享原则的实现机制进行分析和参考学习其他国家现有的成形法律模式，选择最优路径以不断完善我国法律在惠益分享方面的缺失，一方面尽快建立我国专门的法律制度来保护农业植物遗传资源，另一方面仍要完善其他法律制度来作为用专门制度的补充。此外，我国可以尝试自上而下建立“粮食和农业植物遗传资源委员会”统一领导的单一的行政管理模式，提高行政效能，，以期最大限度地保护珍贵的农业植物遗传资源。
[Abstract]:Agricultural plant genetic resources are human life resources with irreplaceable environmental protection value and strategic economic value. China is a large agricultural country with a long history of agricultural crop cultivation. It is one of the most abundant agricultural plant genetic resources in the world. It has become an important object for developed countries to seize resources in the process of biotechnology revolution. Since the end of the last century, relevant international organizations have made great efforts to collect, study and protect plant genetic resources that are essential for agricultural development. The World Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the World intellectual property Organization (WIPO) have both taken it as the subject of discussion and have formulated relevant international treaties, respectively, establishing the principle of national sovereignty over genetic resources and the principle of prior informed consent, The principle of fair sharing of benefits and the principle of open source, etc. No matter how the economic environment changes, the issue of the legal protection of agricultural plant genetic resources has always been a permanent topic. Both developed and developing countries pay more and more attention to the degree of plant genetic resources control in the fierce competition of biological economy, and regard it as one of the elements to measure the national strength. Up to now, many scholars in China have begun to pay attention to the legal protection of agricultural plant genetic resources, but at present, there is no legal protection system of agricultural plant genetic resources in line with international rules. Subject, object, content and realization of the basic issues need to be further studied. Based on the bitter lessons of the historical case of the loss of agricultural plant genetic resources, our country should look to the future and always grasp the international and domestic two levels. Taking an active part in international cooperation on the basis of in-depth study of relevant international treaties and on the basis of national conditions, and adhering to the fundamental principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity, To promote China's accession to the International Treaty on Plant genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and to try to build a regional and specialized international treaty. At the same time, by analyzing the realization mechanism of the principle of benefit-sharing and learning the existing formative legal model of other countries, choosing the best path to improve the deficiency of our country's law in benefit-sharing. On the one hand, a special legal system should be established as soon as possible to protect agricultural plant genetic resources, on the other hand, other legal systems should be perfected as a supplement to the special system. In addition, China can try to establish a single administrative management model under the unified leadership of the Committee on Plant genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture from the top down, so as to improve the administrative efficiency in order to protect the precious agricultural plant genetic resources to the maximum extent.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D997.1

【参考文献】