从清末不平等条约看条约必须遵守和情势变更

发布时间：2018-10-26 21:44

【摘要】：翻开中国的历史不乏辉煌的历史，但是近100年的屈辱史也是赫然眼前。清朝末年至新中国的建立的近100年间，被迫签订了大量的不平等条约，这些条约都是侵犯中国主权和领土完整给近代中国的经济、政治、文化、法律都带来了深刻的影响，其中也有一些条约贻害至今，，一直困扰着现今的政府当局。从这些不平等条约开始谈起，通过这些不平等条约的遵守和废止，深入的剖析《维也纳条约法公约》规定的两项基本原则之适用。为今后中国以崭新的姿态参与国际合作与竞争，奠定良好的理论基础。同样对于现今国际法理论和实践都鲜有涉及的关于条约必须遵守和情势变更原则之度量标准就显得更为重要，为以后我国条约的适用及国内法的改善都有很好的借鉴意义。本文将以不平等条约的处理为引子，进而谈到整个条约法两项原则的适用和意义。第一部分首先是以不平等条约为引子，进而详细阐述不平等条约之由来及何谓之不平等。在国际法上，它本身就不是一个纯粹的国际法概念。对于不平等条约人我们要正确认定其效力。传统国际法之于不平等条约是合法能效的，因为当时之国际法并没有禁止武力行为，反而是赋予国家以战争之内政政策。所以对于不平等条约之遵守与履行，我们也不能以现代国际法之理论来要求。我们应该客观的看到不平等条约之侵犯国家主权性，破坏国土完整之侵略性，但是我们也不能忽略其对于历史的进步意义。条约是什么，条约必须遵守原则之条约是什么，如何认定一项协定是条约都是我们国际法现如今有盲点的地方。第二部分着重分析条约必须遵守原则和情势变更原则对于不平等条约的遵守问题。我们在分析不平等条约的效力之时不能对其一味的批判和反对，我们应该充分分析其形成之原因及背景点。前辈为遵守不平等条约所付出之努力必须得到肯定，他们的遵守行来也正是我们现如今来反对不平等条约和霸权条约的依据。情势变更原则从其产生之日起就是为条约必须遵守服务的，他们之间的原则与例外关系。不管是国内法还是国际法层面上，情势变更都紧紧跟随着条约必须遵守原则，一直作为其一个例外。我们在看待两者之间的关系时，不能把他们对立起来看待，情势变更原则的例外正是为了使得条约必须遵守原则发挥更大的作用。第三部分也是重中之重，主要是在论述现今国际法理论比较少谈到的度量标准问题，对于度量标准一说有人认为是国家利益，也有人认为是公平正义，其实这两种说法都有其合理的一面，但是都是处于狭隘国际法来看待。如何来遵守这两项原则的呢？条约必须遵守原则要求有相应有国内法程序，把条约确实执行起来和完善的解释体系，缺少其一都无法保证是善意的履行条约。情势变更之标准到底是国家利益还是公平正义，本文认为两者都不是。而是订约之时所能预见到之基础依据。从不平等条约的理论出发，到最后讲述了条约法两项原则之重要性，对我国的条约法方面的缔结还是履行都有一个全面的认识。但是国际交往还是以实力为后盾，不能过分依赖国际法的作用。因此我们应在努力提高自身综合国力的前堤下，尊重国际法的同时，充分掌握好条约遵守与情势变更的度，保护自己的国家利益，努力推动国际社会建立公平公正的国际秩序和构建和谐新世界。
[Abstract]:The history of China's history is not lacking in history, but the history of humiliation in recent 100 years is in front of him. In the last 100 years of the establishment of the last year of the Qing Dynasty to the new China, a large number of unequal treaties have been signed, all of which violate the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China and bring profound influence on the economic, political, cultural and legal affairs of modern China, some of which have been harmful to the present day, The government has been troubled by today's government. From these unequal treaties, the application of the two basic principles set out in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is deeply analysed through the observance and abrogation of these unequal treaties. It lays a good theoretical foundation for China to participate in international cooperation and competition in a brand-new posture in the future. In the same vein, it is more important for the treaty to abide by the principle of compliance and change of situation in the theory and practice of international law nowadays, which is of good reference for the application of the treaty in the future and the improvement of domestic law. This paper deals with the application of the two principles of treaty law as a guide, and then talks about the application of the two principles of treaty law as a whole. First of all, the first part is to introduce the unequal treaties, and then elaborate on the origin of the unequal treaties and the reasons for them. In international law, it is not a mere fact The concept of international law. We need to do the right thing for an unequal treaty. Recognition of its effectiveness. Traditional international law is legal for non-equality treaties, since then international law does not prohibit the use of force, but instead gives the State a war The internal affairs policy of the non-equality treaty, therefore, cannot be carried out in modern international law. Theory is required. We should objectively see the violation of the State sovereignty of the unequal treaties and undermine the aggressiveness of the homeland, but we cannot ignore it for history What is the progress of the treaty, what the treaty is, what the treaty must comply with, how to conclude an agreement is that the treaty is our international law today The second part focuses on the principle that the treaty must abide by the principles and the principle of change of situation. Such treaties are subject to compliance. We should not be criticized and opposed in the analysis of the effectiveness of the NPT, and we should fully analyse its shape For the reason and the background, the efforts of our predecessors to comply with the unequal treaties must be affirmed and their compliance is precisely what we are now opposed to non-equality treaties The basis for a treaty of hegemony. The principle of change of situation from the date of its creation is that the treaty must comply with the service, between them The principles and exceptions of the treaty, whether domestic law or international law, closely follow the principle that the treaty must comply, one In view of the relationship between the two, we cannot see them in opposition, and the exception of the principle of change of situation is to make the treaty adhere to the original The third part is also the top priority, mainly in the discussion of the measure standard question which is less talked about in the current theory of international law, which is regarded as the national interest for the measure standard one, and some people think it is equity and justice, in fact the two There's a reasonable side of the story, but it's all in narrow international law. Why should the treaty abide by these two principles? The treaty must comply with the principle and require corresponding domestic law procedures, and the treaty should be implemented and the perfect interpretation system, and the lack of one is none. The law guarantees that it is in good faith to fulfill the treaty. The standard of the situation change is the national interest or the fairness. Meaning, this article doesn't think it's both. It's contracting. The basic basis can be foreseen. From the theory of non-equality treaty, the importance of the two principles of the law of treaties is discussed in the end, and the significance of the law of treaty law in China is introduced. There is a comprehensive understanding of the knot or the performance, but the international association is still in power Therefore, we should respect international law while striving to improve its overall national strength, fully grasp the degree of compliance with the treaty and change the situation, protect its national interests, and strive to promote the establishment of a fair public by the international community.
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D993.8

【参考文献】