历史性权利在国际法中的地位

发布时间：2018-11-01 13:38

【摘要】：历史性权利问题是国际法中的问题,也是海洋法中的热点问题。历史性权利这一概念与历史性海湾、历史性水域、历史性所有权等概念之间相互交错。《联合国海洋法公约》中所说的历史性权利实质指的是历史性所有权；历史性权利是历史性水域的理论依据,历史性水域是历史性权利的标的,而历史性海湾只是历史性水域的一种。本文研究的历史性权利限定在历史性水域权利范畴。对历史性权利构成要件的分析有助于对历史性权利的正确理解。历史性权利包括两个构成要件。第一个要件是主张国对主张海域有效的行使权利(主权—管辖权)。有效的行为要求是国家或国家机关的行为,有效的国家行为必须是公开的行为,有效的行为意味着国家的意图必须通过行为明确得以表达,权利行使具有连续性,构成通例。第二个要件是其他国家对主张国行为采取了容忍的态度。就历史性权利在国际法中的地位而言,涉及到其是否构成习惯国际法及在《联合国海洋法公约》中的地位问题。首先,历史性权利构成习惯国际法。主要原因如下：第一,历史性权利具备习惯国际法的构成要件,是通过长期、普遍和一致的国家实践来表现和证明的,同时存在相关的司法案例；第二,认为历史性水域权利是习惯国际法的例外存在不合理性。例外的前提是先存在一般,既然历史性水域权利同样具备物质要素和心理要素,就难以称之为例外。其次,《联合国海洋法公约》没有否认历史性权利的存在。遵循条约的整体解释原则,可以看到《联合国海洋法公约》没有否认历史性权利的存在；按照时际法原理,对于发生在《联合国海洋法公约》生效之前的行为,应适用行为发生时的规定,所以《联合国海洋法公约》不能否认其存在前一国基于历史性权利已取得的领土主权。历史性权利如果能被明确写入《联合国海洋法公约》需要利益相关国的主张。作为一种领土取得方式,历史性权利与通过时效及先占取得领土主权有所不同。
[Abstract]:The issue of historic rights is not only a problem in international law, but also a hot issue in the law of the sea. The concept of historic right is intertwined with the concepts of historic bay, historic waters and historic ownership. The historical right is the theoretical basis of the historic waters, the historic waters are the object of the historical rights, and the historic bay is only one kind of the historic waters. The historical rights studied in this paper are limited to the rights of historic waters. The analysis of the elements of historical rights is helpful to the correct understanding of historical rights. Historical rights include two elements. The first element is the effective exercise (sovereignty-jurisdiction) of the claimant State over the claimed sea area. The effective act requires the behavior of the state or the state organ, and the effective act of the state must be an open act. The effective act means that the intention of the state must be clearly expressed through the act, and the exercise of the right has continuity and constitutes a general rule. The second element is tolerance on the part of other States with regard to the conduct of the asserting State. As far as the status of historical rights in international law is concerned, it concerns whether they constitute customary international law and their status in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. First, historical rights constitute customary international law. The main reasons are as follows: first, historical rights have the constitutive elements of customary international law, which are demonstrated and proved through long-term, universal and consistent state practice, while there are relevant judicial cases; Second, it is unreasonable to think that historic water rights are exceptions to customary international law. The premise of the exception is that there is a general existence before, since the historic water rights also have material and psychological elements, so it is difficult to call it an exception. Second, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea does not deny the existence of historic rights. Following the principle of the overall interpretation of the treaty, we can see that the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea does not deny the existence of historical rights; In accordance with the principle of intertemporal law, the provisions of the act at the time of its occurrence shall apply to acts that occurred before the entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Therefore, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea cannot deny the territorial sovereignty acquired by a country on the basis of historical rights prior to its existence. Historic rights, if explicitly enshrined in UNCLOS, require stakeholder claims. As a form of territorial acquisition, historical rights are different from those obtained by statute of limitations and preemption.
【学位授予单位】：大连海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D993.5

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