多边法律体制下碳关税的法律分析及应对思考

发布时间：2018-11-06 16:05

【摘要】：碳关税是伴随着国际气候环境危机而被提出的，其理论机制是通过施加贸易限制而督促各国减排二氧化碳等温室气体。最初，碳关税是由法国提出用以警告美国退出《京都议定书》的行为。如今，《京都议定书》的一期减排在2012年即将结束，二期减排计划在千呼万唤中进入谈判议程。但是被赋予众望的2009年哥本哈根世界气候大会和2010年的坎昆气候会议均未能达成有效的减排约束，由此，碳关税再次被某些国家重提并试图单方面将其引入国际减排机制中。碳关税这一概念的产生对世界经济和政治都产生了复杂的影响，各国因为自身利益的考虑，对其持有不同的态度。如今，美国和欧盟均出台了有关碳的贸易政策，试图在金融危机余势与气候危机并存的今天，挽回其自身经济发展颓势，抢占未来国际低碳经济的制高点。而我国和印度等发展中国家是美欧政策的主要受损方，对美欧的行为表示坚决的反对。但是，无论是美国的“国际储备配额计划”，还是欧盟将航空业纳入到ETS体系下的行为，都是带有利益倾向的政策，非但不能发展成为减排的国际机制，还会限制和扭曲国际贸易，甚至有可能造成国际贸易的退步，阻碍全球气候保护进程。从国际贸易发展的角度来看，美欧的单边政策均是对国际合作和交流的阻碍，其倒行逆施的行为必然寸步难行。而气候环境危机的深化最终必然唤回国际减排的多边合作，届时碳关税将有很大的发挥空间。在本文中，笔者将碳关税制度仅仅作为一项减排机制来分析和研究，提炼其内在的减排理论，将其独立于美欧的碳贸易壁垒政策，并对其冠以各国达成减排计划的前提，赋予了碳关税中立、独立的概念；进而通过逐一分析碳关税与《WTO协定》、GATT的各种规则、《技术壁垒协议》以及多边环境公约的关系，，论证了碳关税在WTO框架下的合法性。而后对美国和欧盟的“国际储备配额计划”和“EU-ETS”覆盖航空业政策进行了类似分析，验证了其非法性和不合理性。最后，为我国应对碳关税制度提出了包括加征碳税、建立健全排放交易体系、合理开发利用CDM资源以及发展国内低碳技术和产品的几点建议。
[Abstract]:Carbon tariff is proposed along with the international climate and environment crisis. Its theoretical mechanism is to urge countries to reduce greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide by imposing trade restrictions. Initially, the carbon tariff was proposed by France to warn the United States of withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol. Now that the Kyoto Protocol's first phase of emissions cuts is coming to an end in 2012, the second phase is on the negotiating agenda. However, the Copenhagen World Climate Conference in 2009 and the Cancun Climate Conference in 2010 failed to achieve effective emission reduction constraints, so carbon tariffs were again raised by some countries and tried to unilaterally introduce them into the international emission reduction mechanism. The concept of carbon tariff has a complex impact on the world economy and politics, and countries have different attitudes towards it because of their own interests. Today, both the United States and the European Union have issued trade policies on carbon, trying to salvage their own economic decline and seize the commanding heights of the future international low-carbon economy at a time when the balance of the financial crisis and the climate crisis coexist. Developing countries, such as China and India, are the main losers to US and European policies, and strongly oppose the actions of the US and Europe. However, whether it is the "international reserve quota plan" of the United States or the European Union's action of bringing the aviation industry into the ETS system, it is a policy with an interest tendency, and not only cannot it develop into an international mechanism for reducing emissions. It also limits and distorts international trade, and may even cause a setback in international trade, hindering the global climate protection process. From the perspective of the development of international trade, the unilateral policies of the United States and Europe are obstacles to international cooperation and exchange. And the deepening of climate and environment crisis will eventually call back the multilateral cooperation of international emission reduction, when carbon tariffs will have a lot of room to play. In this paper, the author analyzes and studies carbon tariff system as a mechanism of emission reduction, refines its internal emission reduction theory, makes it independent of the carbon trade barrier policy of the United States and Europe, and presupposes it as a precondition for countries to reach emission reduction plans. The concept of carbon tariff neutrality and independence is given; By analyzing the relationship between carbon tariff and WTO Agreement, various rules of GATT, Technical Barrier Agreement and multilateral environmental conventions, the legitimacy of carbon tariff under the framework of WTO is demonstrated. Then a similar analysis of the "International Reserve quota Plan" and "EU-ETS" coverage policy of the United States and the European Union is carried out, which verifies its illegality and irrationality. Finally, some suggestions are put forward for China to deal with the carbon tariff system, including the imposition of carbon tax, the establishment of a sound emissions trading system, the rational development and utilization of CDM resources, and the development of domestic low-carbon technologies and products.
【学位授予单位】：南京财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996.9

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